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![](../../images/finalpics-115.jpg)*Silk dyed with cabbage and modified with PH modifiers, Loes Bogers, 2020*
### Description
##GENERAL INFORMATION
Volatile PH sensitive dye. Not very light-fast or washable, but capable of producing bright purple, pink, green and turqouise hues.
### Physical form
**Physical form**
Pastes, gels & liquids
Color without additives: Purple
### Fabrication time
**Fabrication time**
Preparation time: 2 Hours
......@@ -22,7 +22,13 @@ Need attention: the entire processing time (temperature and stirring)
Final form achieved after: 2 hours
## Ingredients
**Estimated cost (consumables)**
0,01 Euros, for a yield of approx. 250 ml if made from food waste
##RECIPE
###Ingredients
* **Half a red cabbage** (also: brassica oleracea), this is the dye stuff. Try to get these as food waste
* **water - 1000 ml/g** solvent
......@@ -31,7 +37,7 @@ Final form achieved after: 2 hours
* **PH modifiers** (see [this recipe](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/loes.bogers/files/recipes/phmodifiers/))
* optional: a piece of silk, or aquarel paper and a brush for testing.
## Tools
###Tools
1. **Cooker**, ideally with temperature control
1. **Pot**
......@@ -41,11 +47,11 @@ Final form achieved after: 2 hours
1. **A strainer**
1. **A glass jar** to store the dye
## Yield
###Yield
Approx. 250 ml
## Method
###Method
1. **Preparation**
......@@ -74,7 +80,7 @@ Approx. 250 ml
- To store: add a clove to the ink, label it, and store in the fridge or freeze. If it starts to grow mold or smells weird/different than cabbage smell, through it away.
### Process
###Process pictures
![](../../images/cabbage4.jpg)*Preparing the cabbage with a mandoline, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -87,7 +93,7 @@ Approx. 250 ml
![](../../images/cabbage3.jpg)*Silk dyed with red cabbage dye, drying. Modified with PH modifiers (pink = PH2, green = PH 13, blue = PH 9), Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Variations on this recipe
###Variations
- You add the PH modifiers to the dye, or use the modifier after drying (on dried, dyed textiles).
- Add a binder such as arabic gum to create a nicer flow if you wish to use this ink for painting and arts, not dyeing textiles.
......@@ -95,24 +101,35 @@ Approx. 250 ml
- You can even use red cabbage dye to test the PH of a liquid. Dip some strips of coffee filter in the red cabbage dye. Let it dry. Then use a cotton swab to dab a bit of liquid (tap water, juice, wine, other) on the paper. If the paper becomes red/pink the PH is 2-4, purple is 5-7, blue is 8-9 and green/yellow is PH 10-12 approximately. See also [link](https://www.thoughtco.com/make-red-cabbage-ph-paper-605993)
- Make dyes for other kinds of food waste, like used coffee grounds (light browns), old coffee (deep browns), PH sensitive beetroot dye (vintage pinks and salmon tones) etc. Or research and consider dyes from dried goods like turmeric powder (bright yellow), PH sensitive hibiscus tea (purple, blues, greens and gray). Ink has even been made of cigarette butts!
### Cultural origins of this recipe
##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
**Cultural origins of this recipe**
The anthocyanin in red cabbage is what makes it PH sensitive, and is why it changes color as you modify it with acidic or alkaline solutions.
Dyeing fibres with vegetables is an ancient craft: the earliest dyed flax fibers have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia and date back to 34,000 BC. Before the invention of synthetic dyes starting in the mid-19th century, all fibres and textiles were dyed using organic and inorganic materials as *dyestuff:*like clay, plants, metals, bark, funghi, flowers, insects, seeds, and fruit and vegetables (and even the blood of animals). The development of new, strongly colored synthetic dyes followed quickly, and by the 1870s commercial dyeing with natural dyestuffs was disappearing: synthetic dyes were more stable, more colorfast and in many cases could be done at lower cost than the overal costs of natural dyeing processes.
**Natural dye revival(s)**: there have been revivals in plant dyeing as a crafts technique in the 1970s, with enthusiasts publishing books in layman's terms that became popular again today. These recipes might be natural, but may still use heavy metals as mordants. More recently, in tandem with the growing concern for pollutions caused by textile dyeing at industrial scale, which involves lots of chemicals, heavy metals that end up in drinking water, on worker's bodies and in the environment. It also requires a lot of water due to the rinsing needed to wash all the chemicals out, and to achieve colorfastness. Next to bacterial (and fungal) dyes, plant-based dyes are investigated as non-toxic, renewable alternatives to synthetic dyeing processes. Some natural dyes, like madder (for red hues) has been developed into a powder recently in such a way that it is fit for textile dyeing at an industrial scale.
It's somewhat unconventional to use more ephemeral dyes such as this one as textile dye. It's not very lightfast and extremely chemically unstable (the PH sensitivity). But some are worth exploring by designers who are able to celebrate these dyes' vividness and ability to change, fade and surprise. It is unlikely that natural dyes will provide the color fastness and ability to dye synthetic textiles like synthetic dyes can, but perhaps what we need much more urgently is an attitude change to color in textiles and clothing?
**Needs further research?** Not sure
### This recipe draws together information from these other recipes
###Key Sources
No recipe in particular. Boiling in water is a common way of extracting pigments from a dye stuff.
### Known concerns and contestations
###Copyright information
Cabbage can be found in abundance in many countries (including the Netherlands). It is not a hugely popular vegetable but still very common. Try to get red cabbage as food waste instead of buying it fresh. Dye materials should not compete with food.
This recipe may be considered to be part of the public domain.
The color purple this dye or ink creates is quite contested. Historically, purple (and especially the socalled Tyrian purple, made of the secretions of sea snails) was considered to be the color of power, reserved for kings and queens and the like. It is also one of the colors that has historically ben rather expensive to produce as it required significant amounts of (often expensive) resources to generate intense and colorfast dyes using natural resources. Due to it's changing nature, red cabbage dye would not be considered an option worth considering for current textile dyeing practice. But perhaps its humble background and volatility make it the perfect everywoman's purple. Could it be instrumental in conveying the temporary luxury of purple textiles? Perhaps it is sufficient to be queen for a day?
##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
Cabbage can be found in abundance in many countries (including the Netherlands). It is not a hugely popular vegetable but still very common. Try to get red cabbage as food waste instead of buying it fresh. Dye materials should not compete with food.
The color purple of this dye or ink creates is quite contested. Historically, purple (and especially the socalled Tyrian purple, made of the secretions of sea snails) was considered to be the color of power, reserved for kings and queens and the like. It is also one of the colors that has historically ben rather expensive to produce as it required significant amounts of (often expensive) resources to generate intense and colorfast dyes using natural resources. Due to it's changing nature, red cabbage dye would not be considered an option worth considering for current textile dyeing practice. But perhaps its humble background and volatility make it the perfect everywoman's purple. Could it be instrumental in conveying the temporary luxury of purple textiles? Perhaps it is sufficient to be queen for a day?
### Sustainability tags
**Sustainability tags**
- Renewable ingredients: yes
- Vegan: yes
......@@ -124,58 +141,36 @@ Needs further research?: Yes
How often can this dye be reused? Overview of colors different PH modifiers during and after dyeing would be useful. Are there sustainable ways of making the dye more colorfast?
## Material properties
### Comparative qualities
This dye gives bright purples. Alkaline modifiers create blues and greens, acidic modifiers towards pinks and reds. Less colorfast than other dyes like, madder dye.
### Technical and sensory properties
##PROPERTIES
- **Color fastness:** low
- **Light fastness:** low
- **Washability:** low
- **Color modifiers:** alkaline/acidic
- **Odor**: moderate (disappears after drying)
- **Suitable fibres**: animal fibre like wool or silk will take better than cellulose fibres. Not suitable for dyeing synthetic fibres.
## About this entry
##ABOUT
### Maker of this sample
**Maker(s) of this sample**
- Name: Loes Bogers
- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
- Location: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Date: 05-03-2020 - 06-03-2020
### Environmental conditions
**Environmental conditions**
- Humidity: not sure
- Outside temp: 5-11 degrees Celcius
- Room temp: 18 – 22 degrees Celcius
- PH tap water: 7-8
### Recipe validation
Has recipe been validated?
**Recipe validation**
Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
Has recipe been validated? Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
0,01 Euros, for a yield of approx. 250 ml if made from food waste
## Copyright information
This a common way of extracting pigments from plants, it may be considered to be part of the public domain.
##References
- **Make Red Cabbage PH Paper** by Anne Marie Helmenstine for ThoughtCo, 2 February 2020: [link](https://www.thoughtco.com/make-red-cabbage-ph-paper-605993)
- **Biochromes** by Cecilia Raspanti for Fabricademy, 15 October 2019: [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week04/)
- **Purple** in: The Secret Lives of Color by Kassia St. Clair, 2016: pp. 159-161.
- **Make Ink** by: Jason Logan, 2018.
### Images of final product
**Images of the final sample**
![](../../images/finalpics-115.jpg)*Red cabbage dye with a splash of soda solution and a splash of vinegar, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -200,6 +195,16 @@ This a common way of extracting pigments from plants, it may be considered to be
![](../../images/finalpics-96.jpg)*Red cabbage dye on paper, modified with vinegar (PH 2) solution, Loes Bogers, 2020*
##References
- **Make Red Cabbage PH Paper** by Anne Marie Helmenstine for ThoughtCo, 2 February 2020: [link](https://www.thoughtco.com/make-red-cabbage-ph-paper-605993)
- **Biochromes** by Cecilia Raspanti for Fabricademy, 15 October 2019: [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week04/)
- **Purple** in: The Secret Lives of Color by Kassia St. Clair, 2016: pp. 159-161.
- **Make Ink** by: Jason Logan, 2018.
- **Dyeing** on Wikipedia, n.d. [link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeing)
- **Vegetable Dyeing: 151 Color Recipes for Dyeing Yarns and Fabrics with Natural Matters** by Alma Lesch, Watson Guptill: 1970.
- **Natuurlijk verven: textielverven op ecologische wijze**, by Roos Soetekauw, Thesis about natural dyes and dying of wool and silk, 2 May 2011:
[link](https://issuu.com/roossoetekouw/docs/scriptie_-_natuurlijk_verven_klein)
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docs/files/recipes/fishskin.md
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# TANNED FISH SKIN
### Tactility & sound impression
#TANNED FISH SKIN
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/M7Jz0gQ61vw" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
......@@ -11,27 +8,34 @@
*Tanned salmon skin with glycerine applied as softener (post-treatment)*, Loes Bogers, 2020
### Description
##GENERAL INFORMATION
Very strong, translucent tanned fish skin that varies from stiff and a little rigid to flexible/soft and malleable when treated with a softener.
Very strong, translucent tanned fish skin that varies from stiff and a little rigid to flexible/soft and malleable when treated with a softener. The feeling of this tanned and dried fish skin is more like thick paper than leather of cow hide. It has a similar braking surface friction. It is thinner than leather of mammal hide, but equally strong if not stronger.
### Physical form
**Physical form**
Surfaces
Color without additives: color of the fish skin
### Fabrication time
**Fabrication time**
Preparation time: 1 Hours
Preparation time: [number 0-24] Hours
Processing time: 1 week
Processing time: [number 0-100] [select unit days/weeks]
Need attention: every 2 hours, to shake the jar (the first 3 days)
Need attention: every [number][select unit: hours/days] to [free text] describe activity e.g. stir, turn, etc]
Final form achieved after: 1 week
Final form achieved after: [number 0-99] [select unit days/weeks
**Estimated cost (consumables)**
1,10 Euros, for a yield of approx. 400 ml tanning liquid that is used once (cost of the liquid is about 3,30 euros but can be used at least 3 times, if not more). Fish skins can be obtained for free as waste from friendly local fish mongers.
## Ingredients
##RECIPE
###Ingredients
* **Fresh uncooked fish skins**, e.g. salmon skins
* the amounts below are enough for 1 large fish skin
......@@ -43,7 +47,7 @@ Final form achieved after: [number 0-99] [select unit days/weeks
* **Dish washing soap (eco)** - 5 ml
## Tools
###Tools
1. **Big glass jar**, with tight fitting lid
* to fit all the fish skins
......@@ -55,11 +59,11 @@ Final form achieved after: [number 0-99] [select unit days/weeks
* to nail the fish skins to the board for drying
## Yield before processing/drying/curing
###Yield
Approx. [number] [unit]
3 skins
## Method
###Method
1. **Preparing the fish skins**
......@@ -85,7 +89,7 @@ Approx. [number] [unit]
- Leave the board to dry outside, on a balcony or near an open window.
- When completely dry, take them off the board.
### Drying/curing/growth process
###Drying/curing/growth process
Drying the skins with the scales facing down (towards the wood), results in a smoother surface.
......@@ -111,7 +115,8 @@ N/A
Not sure
### Process
###Process pictures
![](../../images/fishskin1.jpg)*Putting the skins inside a jar, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/fishskin2.jpg)*Tanning the skins, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -119,35 +124,41 @@ Not sure
![](../../images/fishskin4.jpg)*The skins nailed to a board for drying (some plain and some with turmeric alcohol-based ink), Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Variations on this recipe
###Variations
- Add natural *alcohol-based* colorants to dye the fish skins (e.g. turmeric, hibiscus, or grated beetroot/red cabbage: submerge in alcohol and shake every hour for a day).
- Other softeners to try: leather balm, coconut oil, other oils
- Putting a fish skin in the oven for 5-10 minutes at low heat (70 degrees Celcius), it turns highly flexible.
- Make a suede-like soft leather by tanning the fish skins in boiled linseed oil. Add a rock or something heavy to create a lot of friction when shaking the container. Take the fish out to dry, repeat if it is not soft enough. There are several linseed oils out there. Raw is often used for outdoors use and contains less chemicals and petrol-based drying agents but dries a lot slower and can stay sticky. The technique used with raw linseed oil is similar to they way fishing nets are impregnated to stand the harsh conditions at sea.
### Cultural origins of this recipe
##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
**Cultural origins of this recipe**
Traditional tanning techniques are centuries old and have been practiced by peoples in most of the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway), the Joepik in Alaska, the Nanai in Siberia, the Inuit in Canada and Greenland. It is practiced all around the world (e.g. along the Nile in Kenya, in Mexico and in Australia). Originally, the involved tanning acids from e.g. oak and chestnut bark, urine, or alternatively with egg yolk and vegetable oil and then cold-smoked over fire to make it water-proof (also prevents mold and bacteria growth). Alutiiq artist June Simeonoff Pardue has been credited for this non-traditional tanning process with alcohol and glycerine. Fish skin can also be cleaned and dried without tanning.
**Needs further research?** Not sure
### This recipe draws together information from these other recipes
###Key Sources
- **Fish Skin Tanning** from the 6-8th grade Heritage Kit Curriculum, by Chugachmiut Heritage Preservation, Anchorage, Alaska USA: [link](https://chugachheritageak.org/pdf/CLO_6-12%20_FISH_SKIN_TANNING_Final.pdf)
- **Biofabricating Materials** by Cecilia Raspanti for Fabricademy 2019-2020: [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/)
###Copyright information
### Known concerns and contestations\*
This recipe was originally published as **Fish Skin Tanning** in the 6-8th grade Heritage Kit Curriculum, by Chugachmiut Heritage Preservation, Anchorage, Alaska USA: [link](https://chugachheritageak.org/pdf/CLO_6-12%20_FISH_SKIN_TANNING_Final.pdf)
It is unclear if copyright rests on this publication. Further research is required.
##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
- This technique is strongly associated with indigenous cultures. Using them - especially without crediting it as cultural heritage - is controversial.
- The process is smelly, but the finished product is nearly odorless if done well
- This material is animal-based (but the production & tanning process is significantly eco-friendlier process than those of e.g. cow hide.
- Denatured alcohol is harsh on skin but not dangerous, don’t use on open skin however.
- Choosing fish that are not locally abundant or known to be overfished is considered problematic. Try to find fish from sustainable fishing industries, and fish that is in-season, or the bycatch from local fishing industry.
- Choosing fish that are not locally abundant or known to be overfished is considered problematic. Try to find fish from sustainable fishing industries, and fish that is in-season, or the bycatch from local fishing industry.
### Sustainability tags
**Sustainability tags**
- Renewable ingredients: yes
- Vegan: no
......@@ -159,13 +170,7 @@ Needs further research?: Not sure
Fish skins are considered a waste product of the fishing industry and are often trashed as many people tend to favour fish fillets without skin.
## Material properties
### Comparative qualities
The feeling of this tanned and dried fish skin is more like thick paper than leather of cow hide. It has a similar braking surface friction. It is thinner than leather of mammal hide, but equally strong if not stronger. Tanned fish skins that have been treated with glycerine as a softener after tanning, but before drying become softer and flexible.
### Technical and sensory properties
##PROPERTIES
- **Strength**: strong
- **Hardness**: variable
......@@ -191,39 +196,39 @@ The feeling of this tanned and dried fish skin is more like thick paper than lea
- **Color modifiers:** none
## About this entry
##ABOUT
### Maker of this sample
**Maker(s) of this sample**
- Name: Loes Bogers
- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
- Location: Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Date: 24-02-2020 – 02-03-2020
### Environmental conditions
**Environmental conditions**
- Humidity: not sure
- Outside temp: 5-11 degrees Celcius
- Room temp: 18 – 22 degrees Celcius
- PH tap water: 7-8
### Recipe validation
**Recipe validation**
Has recipe been validated?
Has recipe been validated? Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
**Images of the final sample**
### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
![](../../images/finalpics-75.jpg)*Tanned salmon skin (no colorant, glycerine softener), Loes Bogers, 2020*
1,10 Euros, for a yield of approx. 400 ml tanning liquid that is used once (cost of the liquid is about 3,30 euros but can be used at least 3 times, if not more). Fish skins can be obtained for free as waste from friendly local fish mongers.
![](../../images/finalpics-76.jpg)*Tanned salmon skin (no colorant, glycerine softener), Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Copyright information
![](../../images/finalpics-79.jpg)*Tanned salmon skin (no colorant, no softener), Loes Bogers, 2020*
This recipe was originally published as **Fish Skin Tanning** in the 6-8th grade Heritage Kit Curriculum, by Chugachmiut Heritage Preservation, Anchorage, Alaska USA: [link](https://chugachheritageak.org/pdf/CLO_6-12%20_FISH_SKIN_TANNING_Final.pdf)
![](../../images/finalpics-77.jpg)*Tanned salmon skin (dyed with turmeric, no softener), Loes Bogers, 2020*
It is unclear if copyright rests on this publication. Further research is required.
![](../../images/finalpics-78.jpg)*Tanned salmon skin (dyed with turmeric, glycerine softener, Loes Bogers, 2020*
##References
##REFERENCES
- **Fish Skin Tanning** from the 6-8th grade Heritage Kit Curriculum, by Chugachmiut Heritage Preservation, Anchorage, Alaska USA: [link](https://chugachheritageak.org/pdf/CLO_6-12%20_FISH_SKIN_TANNING_Final.pdf)
- **Interview with skin sewer June Pardue** by Anchorage Museum & Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center on Youtube, 16 January 2015: [link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GUf8Ao5vNY)
......@@ -232,16 +237,5 @@ It is unclear if copyright rests on this publication. Further research is requir
- **Bio Materials** by Laura Luchtman for Textile Academy, 14 November 2016: [link](https://textileacademy.eu/laura-luchtman/)
- **Preservation of Fish Nets** by Harden Franklin Taylor, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1920: pp. 22-26: [link](https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ZSwlAQAAMAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA5)
### Images of final product
![](../../images/finalpics-75.jpg)*Tanned salmon skin (no colorant, glycerine softener), Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/finalpics-76.jpg)*Tanned salmon skin (no colorant, glycerine softener), Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/finalpics-79.jpg)*Tanned salmon skin (no colorant, no softener), Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/finalpics-77.jpg)*Tanned salmon skin (dyed with turmeric, no softener), Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/finalpics-78.jpg)*Tanned salmon skin (dyed with turmeric, glycerine softener, Loes Bogers, 2020*
docs/files/recipes/flowerpaper.md
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# PAPER AND DYE FROM WITHERED FLOWERS
### Tactility & sound impression
#PAPER AND DYE FROM WITHERED FLOWERS
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dZpvG2pKwoo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
### Description
##GENERAL INFORMATION
Thin paper made of dried flowers (pounded not blended).
Pounded paper (shown in video) made from flower fibres results in a thin but very strong paper. It is more rigid than for example office paper and has more texture. You can see all the details of the fibres used.
### Physical form
Blended paper in comparison, especially the ones made with stems are more brittle and have even more texture and a rough feel. Somewhat like pressed paper waste composites (such as the ones used for fruit and vegetable packaging), but more rough to the touch.
**Physical form**
Surfaces
Color without additives: yellow/brown
### Fabrication time
**Fabrication time**
Preparation time: 2 Hours
......@@ -25,7 +24,13 @@ Need attention: every 8-16 hours after drying to press.
Final form achieved after: 2-4 weeks
## Ingredients
**Estimated cost (consumables)**
0,01 Euros, for a yield of approx. 4 small sheets of paper (if you get flowers as waste)
##RECIPE
###Ingredients
* **Bouquet of withered flowers**, the ones the florist throws away
* Flowers will provide the cellulose and fibres to make the paper
......@@ -35,7 +40,7 @@ Final form achieved after: 2-4 weeks
* **a coffee filter** to filter the fine particles from the flower dye
## Tools
###Tools
1. **A drying rack**
1. **Metal wire** or fish wire
......@@ -53,11 +58,11 @@ Final form achieved after: 2-4 weeks
1. **A glass jar**, to store the flower dye
## Yield before processing/drying/curing
###Yield
Approx. [number] [unit]
Approx. 3 sheets of paper
## Method
###Method
1. **Drying the flowers**
- Separate the flowers based on thickness and hardness of the stems. They will dry at different rates so it's useful to group them together for drying. You can separate by color at a later stage.
......@@ -92,9 +97,7 @@ Approx. [number] [unit]
1. **Saving the boiling liquid as dye**
- If you saved the boiling liquid you can use it as a dye (creates subtle yellows and greens). The dye will be alkaline (PH 8-9) due to the soda that was added to the water. Acidic and copper modifiers make for lighter yellows and greens respectively.
### Drying/curing/growth process
[Free text]
###Drying/curing/growth process
- Mold depth : N/A
- Shrinkage thickness 50-80 %
......@@ -118,9 +121,9 @@ Press if necessary to keep flat, story dry and flat.
Not sure
### Process
###Process pictures
#### 1. Drying the flowers
**1. Drying the flowers**
![](../../images/flowers23.jpg)*Flowers saved from the florist's trash (with permission of course), Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -128,13 +131,13 @@ Not sure
![](../../images/flowers25.jpg)*Hanging the bundles to dry for at least 2 weeks, Loes Bogers, 2020*
#### 2. Making a mould & deckle
**2. Making a mould & deckle**
![](../../images/flowers3.jpg)*Making a mould & deckle, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/flowers4.jpg)*Ideally fits inside the sink, and can sit on top for drying, Loes Bogers, 2020*
#### 3. Separating & boiling (color, flowers-only or with stems)
**3. Separating & boiling (color, flowers-only or with stems)**
![](../../images/flowers31.jpg)*Flowers and frames, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -143,7 +146,7 @@ Not sure
![](../../images/flowers2.jpg)*Boil the flowers (and optional: stems) with some soda ash, Loes Bogers, 2020*
#### 4. Option A: Using flowers only (pounded)
**4. Option A: Using flowers only (pounded)**
![](../../images/flowers12.jpg)*The pounded slurry, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -154,7 +157,7 @@ Not sure
![](../../images/flowers29.jpg)*Using only flowers and pounding by hand (front) creates a delicate, thin but strong paper compared to blending with the stems (back), Loes Bogers, 2020*
#### 4. Option B: Using flowers and stems (with a blender)
**4. Option B: Using flowers and stems (with a blender)**
![](../../images/flowers5.jpg)*Using flower and stems, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -164,7 +167,7 @@ Not sure
![](../../images/flowers30.jpg)*Using stems and blending creates a thicker, more rigid but also more brittle cardboard-like paper (front), Loes Bogers, 2020*
#### Save the boiling water to use as a dye**
**5. Save the boiling water to use as a dye**
![](../../images/flowers7.jpg)*Filter the cooking water for a yellow dye, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -173,7 +176,7 @@ Not sure
![](../../images/flowerdyes.jpg)*Subtle yellows and greens wit flower dye on silk (overnight dye), with modifiers (lemon PH 2 and copper), Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Variations on this recipe
###Variations
- Add natural colorants to the slurry and/or spray it on top (e.g. cabbage dye with soda, avocado dye to enhance the color of paper from blue/purple and red flowers respectively.
- Create paper with a different thickness
......@@ -182,28 +185,31 @@ Not sure
- Make paper from other cellulose waste, such as paper waste, or research and forage plants that are considered invasive in your local environment, see also Megan Heere's [*Invasive Paper project*](https://meganheeres.com/section/402220_The_Invasive_Paper_Project.html)
- Some recipes suggest an additional step of *couching* instead of drying on the mesh.
### Cultural origins of this recipe
##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
[Free text]
**Cultural origins of this recipe**
**Needs further research?** Yes/No/Not sure
Needs further research
[Notes]
**Needs further research?** Yes
### This recipe draws together information from these other recipes
###Key Sources
- **Hand-papermaking With Plants** by May Babcock for Paper Slurry, 20 August, 2014: [link](https://www.paperslurry.com/2014/08/20/hand-papermaking-with-plants-illustrated-infographic/)
- **Flower Paper** by Maria Viftrup for Material Archive at Textile Lab Amsterdam, n.d.
### Known concerns and contestations\*
###Copyright information
Yes/No/Needs further research
There are endless recipes for paper making documented so this can be considered to be in the public domain. However, this instruction was informative in creating this recipe: **Hand-papermaking With Plants** by May Babcock for Paper Slurry, 20 August, 2014: [link](https://www.paperslurry.com/2014/08/20/hand-papermaking-with-plants-illustrated-infographic/).
[Describe them here free text]
Viftrup's work is published under a CC Attribution, Non-commercial licence.
##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
### Sustainability tags
Needs further research
**Sustainability tags**
- Renewable ingredients: yes
- Vegan: yes
......@@ -213,15 +219,7 @@ Yes/No/Needs further research
Needs further research?: Not sure
## Material properties
### Comparative qualities
Pounded paper made from flower fibres results in a thin but very strong paper. It is more rigid than for example office paper and has more texture. You can see all the details of the fibres used.
Blended paper (especially the ones made with stems) are more brittle and have even more texture and a rough feel. Somewhat like pressed paper waste composites (such as the ones used for fruit and vegetable packaging), but more rough to the touch.
### Technical and sensory properties
##PROPERTIES
- **Strength**: medium
- **Hardness**: resilient/variable
......@@ -247,45 +245,27 @@ Blended paper (especially the ones made with stems) are more brittle and have ev
- **Color modifiers:** none
## About this entry
##ABOUT
### Maker of this sample
**Maker(s) of this sample**
- Name: Loes Bogers
- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
- Location: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Date: 25-02-2020 – 18-03-2020]
### Environmental conditions
**Environmental conditions**
- Humidity: not sure
- Outside temp: 5-11 degrees Celcius
- Room temp: 18 – 22 degrees Celcius
- PH tap water: 7-8
### Recipe validation
Has recipe been validated?
Yes
**Recipe validation**
By Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
Has recipe been validated? Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
0,01 Euros, for a yield of approx. 4 small sheets of paper
## Copyright information
There are endless recipes for paper making documented so this can be considered to be in the public domain. However, this recipe is a variation on: **Hand-papermaking With Plants** by May Babcock for Paper Slurry, 20 August, 2014: [link](https://www.paperslurry.com/2014/08/20/hand-papermaking-with-plants-illustrated-infographic/).
Further research needed.
##References
**Hand-papermaking With Plants** by May Babcock for Paper Slurry, 20 August, 2014: [link](https://www.paperslurry.com/2014/08/20/hand-papermaking-with-plants-illustrated-infographic/)
### Images of final product
**Images of the final sample**
![](../../images/finalpics-125.jpg)*Flower paper (no stems), Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -298,6 +278,13 @@ Further research needed.
![](../../images/finalpics-128.jpg)*Flower paper dye on paper, Loes Bogers, 2020*
##REFERENCES
- **Hand-papermaking With Plants** by May Babcock for Paper Slurry, 20 August, 2014: [link](https://www.paperslurry.com/2014/08/20/hand-papermaking-with-plants-illustrated-infographic/)
- **Flower Paper** by Maria Viftrup for Material Archive at Textile Lab Amsterdam, n.d.
docs/files/recipes/kombuchapaper.md
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# KOMBUCHA PAPER
### Tactility & sound impression
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XaFScq8vYMQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
### Description
##GENERAL INFORMATION
This is a thin translucent bacterial cellulose material resembling paper, made of a dried 3-5mm kombucha SCOBY.
This is a thin translucent bacterial cellulose material resembling paper, made of a dried 3-5mm kombucha SCOBY. The kombucha paper is translucent, sometimes with visible traces of the yeast and bacteria strings. The color varies with the liquid the SCOBY was grown in. It is comparable to parchment paper or tracing paper in terms of sound and translucence, but has less uniform shape, thickness and color. Yeast strains that may be browner etc, give the finished product a type of "grain" like wood or leather might have.
### Physical form
**Physical form**
Surfaces
Color without additives: varies, often yellow/brown-ish
### Fabrication time
**Fabrication time**
Preparation time: 1 Hour
......@@ -24,7 +22,12 @@ Need attention: every day
Final form achieved after: 5 days
## Ingredients
**Estimated cost (consumables)**
0,64 Euros, for a yield of one piece of paper
##RECIPE
###Ingredients
* **Kombucha SCOBY** - 1 piece of 3-5 mm thickness, grow one with [this recipe](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/loes.bogers/files/recipes/kombuchascoby)
* **Turpentine** - 1 tbsp (15 ml) + a little more
......@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ Final form achieved after: 5 days
* **Boiled Linseed/Flax oil** - 1 tbsp (15 ml) you can get this at a hardware story, this is not the same as the food-grade one from the supermarket.
## Tools
###Tools
1. **Gloves**
1. **Mask**
......@@ -44,11 +47,11 @@ Final form achieved after: 5 days
1. Optional: a brush
## Yield before processing/drying/curing
###Yield
One sheet of kombucha paper.
## Method
###Method
1. **Preparing the after-treatment for a kombucha sheet**
......@@ -74,7 +77,7 @@ One sheet of kombucha paper.
- Let the sheet dry completely
- Once dry, press it between baking paper under a stack of heavy books so it becomes totally flat and even.
### Drying/curing/growth process
###Drying/curing/growth process
- Thickness before drying: 5 mm for thin paper-like sheets, 10-15 mm for leather-like material
- Shrinkage thickness 80-90 %
......@@ -98,21 +101,23 @@ Keep pressed for a few more days. Store dry and flat, add some rice as desiccant
Not sure
### Process
###Process pictures
![](../../images/kombuleather7.jpg)*Preparing tools and ingredients, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/kombuleather8.jpg)*Melting the beeswax au bain marie, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/kombuleather13.jpg)*Applying the warm mixture for the second time (after the top has dried), note: it is easier to do this over the steam of the bain marie to keep it warm and liquid, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/kombuleather14.jpg)*Two kombucha papers: one that was left alone during the drying process (top), one that was moved and lifted during the drying process (bottom), Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Variations on this recipe
###Variations
- The same process can be used to create more leather-like sheets. Follow the exact same recipe but use a SCOBY that grew into 10-15 mm thickness instead of 3-5mm.
- The kombucha paper takes on the shape it dries in, try drying the paper on top of a mold to let it dry and contract into a 3D shape. Use vaseline as a release agent.
- Dye the pellicle before oiling and drying, by dipping it into a concentrated natural dye. It takes on dye quite well.
- Coconut oil as post-treatment has also been suggested. Rub it into the wet kombucha pellicle. Without a sealant, the kombucha could become sticky if worn in the rain. Full water resistance can be achieved if using acrylic or oil based sealers, but then the material is no longer safely biodegradable.
### Cultural origins of this recipe
##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
**Cultural origins of this recipe**
See also the entry for [Kombucha SCOBY](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/loes.bogers/files/recipes/kombuchascoby/) Using Kombucha SCOBY's as a design material took off most notably after Suzanne Lee's Ted talk "Grow Your Own Clothes" in 2011. And the use of kombucha cellulose as vegan leather has been further developed and shared by many other initiatives like thr34d5, the fashion department of Queensland University of Technology and scientists from The Edge, State Library of Queensland, Australia.
......@@ -120,19 +125,22 @@ Besides for leather alternatives, thinner Kombucha SCOBY pellicles like the one
**Needs further research?** Not sure
### This recipe draws together information from these other recipes
###Key Sources
- **Grow your own clothes** TED talk by Suzanne Lee, 2011: [link](https://www.ted.com/talks/suzanne_lee_grow_your_own_clothes?language=en)
- **Open Source Kombucha**, by thr34d5. n.d., [link](https://thr34d5.org/2019/08/28/open-source-kombucha/)
- **Biofabricating Materials** by Cecilia Raspanti for Fabricademy 2019-2020: [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/)
### Known concerns and contestations
###Copyright information
thr34d5's recipe is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 Licence. Raspanti's recipe is shared under a CC Attribution, non-commercial licence.
##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
Because the SCOBY scan regrow itself infinitely with a bit of water, tea and sugar, and can be composted, it's a relatively uncontroversial material but still requires resources and more importantly, a lot of time. Especially in colder climates it is tempting to use heating to speed up the growth. As a material, it is still very much in development.
Additives and post-treatments like boiled linseed oil and turpentine are not necessarily eco-friendly products. Chemicals are added to boiled linseed oil to make it dry quicker than raw linseed oil for example. There is room for improvement in the area of techniques and compounds to make the pellicles stronger and more durable.
### Sustainability tags
**Sustainability tags**
- Renewable ingredients: yes
- Vegan: yes
......@@ -142,14 +150,7 @@ Additives and post-treatments like boiled linseed oil and turpentine are not nec
Needs further research?: Not sure
## Material properties
### Comparative qualities
The kombucha paper is translucent, sometimes with visible traces of the yeast and bacteria strings. The color varies with the liquid the SCOBY was grown in. It is comparable to parchment paper or tracing paper in terms of sound and translucence, but has less uniform shape, thickness and color. Yeast strains that may be browner etc, give the finished product a type of "grain" like wood or leather might have.
### Technical and sensory properties
##PROPERTIES
- **Strength**: fragile
- **Hardness**: resilient
......@@ -174,40 +175,33 @@ The kombucha paper is translucent, sometimes with visible traces of the yeast an
- **Surface friction:** medium
- **Color modifiers:** none
## About this entry
##ABOUT
### Maker of this sample
**Maker(s) of this sample**
- Name: Loes Bogers
- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
- Location: Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Date: 13-03-2020 – 20-03-2020
### Environmental conditions
**Environmental conditions**
- Humidity: not sure
- Outside temp: 5-11 degrees Celcius
- Room temp: 18 – 22 degrees Celcius
- PH tap water: 7-8
### Recipe validation
Has recipe been validated?
**Recipe validation**
Yes
By Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
0,64 Euros, for a yield of one piece of paper
Has recipe been validated? Yes, By Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
**Images of the final sample**
![](../../images/finalpics-14.jpg)*Kombucha paper, Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Copyright information
![](../../images/finalpics-13.jpg)*Kombucha paper, Loes Bogers, 2020*
This is a variation (using thinner SCOBY to create paper) on **Open Source Kombucha**, by thr34d5. n.d., [link](https://thr34d5.org/2019/08/28/open-source-kombucha/)
![](../../images/finalpics-15.jpg)*Kombucha paper, Loes Bogers, 2020*
It is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 Licence.
##References
......@@ -218,12 +212,3 @@ It is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 Licence.
- **QUT reveals how you can make your own leather at home** by The Conversation, republished by SmartCompany, 24 November, 2016: [link](https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/advice/startupsmart-growth/startupsmart-innovation/qut-reveals-how-you-can-make-your-own-leather-at-home/)
- **From Peel to Peel** by Emma Sicher, n.d. [link](https://frompeeltopeel.tumblr.com/)
### Images of final product
![](../../images/finalpics-14.jpg)*Kombucha paper, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/finalpics-13.jpg)*Kombucha paper, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/finalpics-15.jpg)*Kombucha paper, Loes Bogers, 2020*
docs/files/recipes/kombuchascoby.md
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# KOMBUCHA SCOBY
IMAGE HERE
VIDEO HERE
### Description
##GENERAL INFORMATION
This is a living microbial culture also called a kombucha SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture Of Bacteria and Yeast) that can be used to ferment sugary tea, transforming sugars into acids. It can also be used as a material in and of itself, for leather alternatives and paper-like thin materials. See also this [recipe for Kombucha Paper](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/loes.bogers/files/recipes/kombuchapaper/).
### Physical form
**Physical form**
Surfaces
Color without additives: varies, may be white transparent with darker areas, or get yellow brownish yeast strands.
### Fabrication time
**Fabrication time**
Preparation time: 2 hours (incl cooling)
......@@ -22,7 +22,13 @@ Need attention: check for mold growth and irregularities every few days.
Final form achieved after: 3-5 weeks if all goes well.
## Ingredients
**Estimated cost (consumables)**
Approx. 6,15 Euros for a yield of initially two, but eventually infinite SCOBYs if kept alive with more sugar and tea or other nutrient.
##RECIPE
###Ingredients
There are various ways to do this and different methods work for different people, also depending on the temperature in your home. Here we use the living culture from store-bought kombucha and add some extra nutrients by preparing some sugary black tea for it to grow a little faster. The ratio is 2:1 kombucha, sugary tea.
......@@ -41,7 +47,7 @@ Try to work as sterile as possible throughout.
* **(organic) sugar - 30 g**, just plain white sugar is best.
* Optional: a splash of vinegar if your water is alkaline
## Tools
###Tools
1. **Two glass jars** try to get a wider ones, min 10 cm diameter
1. **A pot**
......@@ -52,11 +58,11 @@ Try to work as sterile as possible throughout.
1. **A thermometer**
1. **PH paper**
## Yield before processing/drying/curing
###Yield
2 SCOBY's if all goes well. They will grow the same size and shape as the diameter of the jars you grown them in.
## Method
###Method
1. **Create a sterile environment**
......@@ -90,10 +96,9 @@ Try to work as sterile as possible throughout.
- cut a 5x5 cm square (approx.) off your fully grown SCOBY
- seal the jar(s) with a coffee filter and rubber band and let them grow undisturbed like you did before.
###Drying/curing/growth process
### Drying/curing/growth process
It is important not to distrub the SCOBY, just leave it in peace. Use glass jars so you can peek inside without touching it. Check for irregular growth. Start over if unsure.
It is important not to disturb the SCOBY, just leave it in peace. Use glass jars so you can peek inside without touching it. Check for irregular growth. Start over if unsure.
- Mold depth and diameter: height = 20 cm or less, diameter = 10 cm or more
- Shrinkage thickness N/A
......@@ -115,13 +120,16 @@ Make a **SCOBY hotel** to store your SCOBY for later use:
Yes, there's a huge kombucha community out there. Get connected and learn all the ins and outs.
### Process
###Process pictures
![](../../images/kombu1.jpeg)*Preparing for a few jars, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/kombu2.jpeg)*Some experiments brewing, the one on the right has grown a nice thin SCOBY after two weeks, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/kombunew1.jpg)*Without cover for the picture: some experiments brewing, slowly growing a thin SCOBY after two weeks, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/kombunew2.jpg)*Cover to keep some light out, Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Variations on this recipe
###Variations
- Kombucha SCOBY can grow in many different liquids (wine, beer, green/black tea) that each give a different color to the SCOBY as well. Natural colorants can be added to the tea (such as hibiscus, beetroot etc).
- Try out different treatments for the kombucha, such as coconut oil or other natural and essential oils.
......@@ -132,7 +140,9 @@ Yes, there's a huge kombucha community out there. Get connected and learn all th
- Or try growing a piece of SCOBY (5x5cm) further on 500 ml of dyed water (consider autoclaving it first to sterilize), 50g sugar and 50 ml vinegar.
### Cultural origins of this recipe
##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
**Cultural origins of this recipe**
Kombucha is an ancient Chinese fermented drink made of sweetened green or black tea and yeast and bacteria cultures. It is said to have originated in Manchuria (now Northeast China) and was hailed for its curing qualities. It spread across Asia and later also Russia. It was brought to Europe with the expansion of trade routes in the 1900s where it gained popularity (most notably in Germany and Switzerland, as "Kombuchaschwamm" due to alleged health benefits comparable to those of yoghurt. Initially it was brewed by enthousiasts sharing the mother SCOBY or mushroom with a grassroots community of fermentation lovers, both in Europe and the U.S. Commercial enterprises started to pop up from the mid-90s onwards and recently one of the big kombucha brewers KeVita was purchased by PepsiCo for $200 million.
......@@ -141,14 +151,18 @@ Using Kombucha SCOBY's as a design material took off most notably after Suzanne
**Needs further research?** Not sure
### This recipe draws together information from these other recipes
###Key Sources
- **How to Start Brewing Kombucha Without a SCOBY** by Kathleen Quiring, for Becoming Peculiar, 6 November 2013: [link](http://becomingpeculiar.com/how-to-start-brewing-kombucha-without-a-scoby/)
- **How to Grow a Kombucha SCOBY from Bottled Komucha** by Carol Lovett, for Ditch the Wheat, n.d. [link](https://ditchthewheat.com/how-to-grow-a-kombucha-scoby-from-bottled-kombucha/)
- **How to Grow a Kombucha SCOBY** Kristen Michaelis, 2 February 2018:[link](https://www.foodrenegade.com/how-to-grow-a-kombucha-scoby/)
- **How to Grow a Kombucha SCOBY in just 10-12 days** by Brod and Taylor, n.d. [link](https://brodandtaylor.com/kombucha-scoby/)
### Known concerns and contestations
###Copyright information
Techniques for growing kombucha SCOBY are documented widely and considered something of an oral culture that may be 200 to 2000 years old. Although none can really claim the intellectual rights to such an old recipe, references used are listed under key sources and in the references.
##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
Needs further research
......@@ -156,7 +170,7 @@ Because the SCOBY scan regrow itself infinitely with a bit of water, tea and sug
Additives and post-treatments to dry and tan the pellicle, like boiled linseed oil and turpentine are not necessarily eco-friendly products. Chemicals are added to boiled linseed oil to make it dry quicker than raw linseed oil for example. There is room for improvement in the area of techniques and compounds to make the pellicles stronger and more durable.
### Sustainability tags
**Sustainability tags**
- Renewable ingredients: yes
- Vegan: yes
......@@ -166,13 +180,7 @@ Additives and post-treatments to dry and tan the pellicle, like boiled linseed o
Needs further research?: Not sure
## Material properties
### Comparative qualities
This recipe does not create a usable design material per se, but describes a way to grow a semi-finished product or ingredient. So it is hard to assess what to compare its material qualities against. It is like a thick jelly.
### Technical and sensory properties
##PROPERTIES
- **Strength**: fragile
- **Hardness**: resilient
......@@ -197,39 +205,31 @@ This recipe does not create a usable design material per se, but describes a way
- **Surface friction:** low
- **Color modifiers:** none
## About this entry
##ABOUT
### Maker of this sample
**Maker(s) of this sample**
- Name: Loes Bogers
- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
- Location: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Date: 20-03-2020-20-03-2020
### Environmental conditions
**Environmental conditions**
- Humidity: not sure
- Outside temp: 5-11 degrees Celcius
- Room temp: 18 – 22 degrees Celcius
- PH tap water: 7-8
### Recipe validation
Has recipe been validated?
Yes
**Recipe validation**
By Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
Approx. 6,15 Euros for a yield of initially two, but eventually infinite SCOBYs if kept alive with more sugar and tea or other nutrient.
Has recipe been validated? Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
## Copyright information
**Images of the final sample**
Techniques for growing kombucha SCOBY are documented widely and considered something of an oral culture that may be 200 to 2000 years. Although none can really claim the intellectual rights to such an old recipe, references used are listed below. This information is in the public domain.
![](../images/yourimage1.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
##References
##REFERENCES
- **How to Make Your Own Kombucha SCOBY** by Emma Christensen for Cooking Lessons From the Kitchn, 5 june 2019: [link](https://www.thekitchn.com/how-to-make-your-own-kombucha-scoby-cooking-lessons-from-the-kitchn-202596)
- **How to Start Brewing Kombucha Without a SCOBY** by Kathleen Quiring, for Becoming Peculiar, 6 November 2013: [link](http://becomingpeculiar.com/how-to-start-brewing-kombucha-without-a-scoby/)
......@@ -251,10 +251,3 @@ Techniques for growing kombucha SCOBY are documented widely and considered somet
- **Kombucha 101: Demystifying the Past Present and Future of the Fermented Tea Drink** by Christina Troitino for Forbes, 1 Feb 2017:[link](https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinatroitino/2017/02/01/kombucha-101-demystifying-the-past-present-and-future-of-the-fermented-tea-drink/)
- **Why is PH important for brewing kombucha?** by Fermentaholics, n.d.: [link](https://fermentaholics.com/why-is-ph-important-for-kombucha/)
### Images of final product
![](../images/yourimage1.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
![](../images/yourimage2.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
![](../images/yourimage3.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
docs/files/recipes/madderdye.md
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......@@ -2,17 +2,17 @@
![](../../images/finalpics-87.jpg)*Madder dye on silk, Loes Bogers, 2020*
### Description
##GENERAL INFORMATION
Madder dye (can also be used as a water based ink) produces bright red to orange brownish colors on silk. One of the few natural dyes that can provide such bright red hues.
Madder dye (can also be used as a water based ink) produces bright red to orange brownish colors on silk. One of the few natural dyes that can provide such bright red hues. It gives pink/salmon tones on paper.
### Physical form
**Physical form**
Pastes, gels & liquids
Color without additives: bright reds to orange/brown.
### Fabrication time
**Fabrication time**
Preparation time: 2 Hours
......@@ -22,7 +22,13 @@ Need attention: the entire processing time (temperature and stirring)
Final form achieved after: 2 hours
## Ingredients
**Estimated cost (consumables)**
2,01 Euros, for a yield of approx. 500 ml
##RECIPE
###Ingredients
* **madder roots (dried) - 50 g** also: Rubia Tinctorum, this is the dye stuff
* **water - 500 ml/g** solvent
......@@ -32,7 +38,7 @@ Final form achieved after: 2 hours
* optional: 100% pure silk, or aquarel/water colors paper and a paint brush to test the dye/ink
## Tools
###Tools
1. **Cooker**, ideally with temperature control
1. **Pot**
......@@ -44,11 +50,11 @@ Final form achieved after: 2 hours
1. Optional: a blender or mortar and pestle
## Yield
###Yield
Approx. 500 ml
## Method
###Method
1. **Preparation**
......@@ -73,8 +79,8 @@ Approx. 500 ml
- Using the dye at a later stage: warm up the dye by putting the glass jar au bain marie (put it in a larger pot with boiling water). Slowly heat it up until warm, not hot. Add (mordanted) fibres such as silk, leave overnight for deep hues.
- Rinse and dry
###Process Pictures
### Process
![](../../images/madder1.jpg)*Madder roots, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/madder2.jpg)*Adding alum , Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -86,13 +92,15 @@ Approx. 500 ml
![](../../images/madder5.jpg)*Froth after adding soda ash, Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Variations on this recipe
###Variations
- You can extract pigment (insoluble particles) for paints by adding a 10% carbonate soda solution (25g of soda ash on 250g hot water). Add only little bits because it froths a lot. Let it precipitate and filter it through a fine cloth. Dry the solids and add a binder to create paints. See also: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YVO2Dr8gD8.
- Add a binder such as arabic gum to create a nicer flow if you wish to use this ink for painting and arts, not dyeing textiles.
### Cultural origins of this recipe
##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
**Cultural origins of this recipe**
Before synthetic dyes were discovered in 1856, you would have had to use natural dyes which were made from animals and plants. The most common - and intense - being madder for red, and indigo for blue. Madder came from the roots of 35 species of plants (Rubia Tinctorum) found in Southern Europe and West-Asia. It has been found in the cloth of mummies and was the first dye to be used as camouflage. It was a popular dye madder in the Middle Ages and is mentioned in the Plichto van Gianventura Rosetti from 1548. Madder was brought to the south of the Netherlands and Flanders around 1300 where the clay soil was optimal for madder cultivation. This led to a thriving local industry - and for a while a monopoly - for madder production (NL: "meekrap") deemed the best quality in Europe .This was the case until *garancine* the synthetic counterpart for alizerine was discovered and gained in popularity around 1870.
......@@ -100,12 +108,16 @@ The agricultural industry of madder plants has started growing again recently in
**Needs further research?** Not sure
### This recipe draws together information from these other recipes
###Key Sources
- **Genuine Madder Lake Pigment Extraction** by Jeremy Francis, The Alchemical Arts, Youtube, 13 August 2019, [link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YVO2Dr8gD8).
- **Madder - Biochromes** by Cecilia Raspanti for Fabricademy 2019-2020, Class slides [link](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ar8j0cJntsFiBxdnrhqTA_9lgDDzB1Wg/view?usp=sharing)
### Known concerns and contestations
###Copyright information
This is an adaptation of the recipes listed in the references but there are many very similar recipes out there. One might consider this to be in the public domain. Further research needed.
##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
Compared to red pigments coming from the synthetic garancine, madder is less ecologically taxing. It doesn't require the sulphuric acid was used in the synthetic product. The plant can easily be multiplied and can be harvested for dyeing only after 2-3 years. The process is deemed rather labour intensive (require a fair amount of weeding and fertilizing). The roots need to be dried, which happens naturallly in sun light in warme climates. Heat needs to be generated in cold areas such as northern Europe. In comparison to commercial synthetic dyes, it is surely an improvement.
......@@ -115,7 +127,7 @@ As far as natural dyes go, madder is one that has been developed to a little tha
Needs further research: Madder traveling from other parts of Europe and Asia to Northern Europe is possibly tied to practices of colonization and/or warfare.
### Sustainability tags
**Sustainability tags**
- Renewable ingredients: yes
- Vegan: yes
......@@ -127,13 +139,7 @@ Needs further research?: Yes
How often can this dye be reused? Overview of colors from second, third, fourth(?) extraction would be useful.
## Material properties
### Comparative qualities
This dye gives a bright red on silk. And pink/salmon tones on paper.
### Technical and sensory properties
##PROPERTIES
- **Color fastness:** high, it is traditionally called a "grande teint" for this reason
- **Light fastness:** high
......@@ -142,37 +148,35 @@ This dye gives a bright red on silk. And pink/salmon tones on paper.
- **Odor**: moderate
- **Suitable fibres**: animal fibre like wool or silk will take better than cellulose fibres. Use of alum as mordant is recommended for intense reds. Synthetic fibres won't take on this dye.
## About this entry
##ABOUT
### Maker of this sample
**Maker(s) of this sample**
- Name: Loes Bogers
- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
- Location: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Date: 20-02-2020 - 22-02-2020
### Environmental conditions
**Environmental conditions**
- Humidity: not sure
- Outside temp: 5-11 degrees Celcius
- Room temp: 18 – 22 degrees Celcius
- PH tap water: 7-8
### Recipe validation
Has recipe been validated?
**Recipe validation**
Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
Has recipe been validated? Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
**Images of the final sample**
2,01 Euros, for a yield of approx. 500 ml
![](../../images/finalpics-87.jpg)*Madder dye on silk, Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Copyright information
![](../../images/finalpics-88.jpg)*Madder dye on silk, modified with soda solution (PH 13), Loes Bogers, 2020*
This is an adaptation of the recipes listed in the references but there are many very similar recipes out there. One might consider this to be in the public domain. Further research needed.
![](../../images/finalpics-89.jpg)*Madder dye on paper, Loes Bogers, 2020*
##References
##REFERENCES
- **Genuine Madder Lake Pigment Extraction** by Jeremy Francis, The Alchemical Arts, Youtube, 13 August 2019, [link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YVO2Dr8gD8).
- **Madder - Biochromes** by Cecilia Raspanti for Fabricademy 2019-2020, Class slides [link](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ar8j0cJntsFiBxdnrhqTA_9lgDDzB1Wg/view?usp=sharing)
......@@ -183,13 +187,6 @@ This is an adaptation of the recipes listed in the references but there are many
- **Natuurlijk verven: textielverven op ecologische wijze**, by Roos Soetekauw, Thesis about natural dyes and dying of wool and silk, 2 May 2011:
[link](https://issuu.com/roossoetekouw/docs/scriptie_-_natuurlijk_verven_klein)
### Images of final product
![](../../images/finalpics-87.jpg)*Madder dye on silk, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/finalpics-88.jpg)*Madder dye on silk, modified with soda solution (PH 13), Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/finalpics-89.jpg)*Madder dye on paper, Loes Bogers, 2020*
docs/files/recipes/mangoleather.md
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# OVERRIPE MANGO LEATHER
### Tactility & sound impression
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iDgNwzSzTF4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
### Description
##GENERAL INFORMATION
Flexible leather-like sheet made from overripe mangos.
Flexible leather-like sheet made from overripe mangos. The material is thin but emulates the feeling of leather quite well but feels a little dryer to the touch than leathers used in most clothing items and accessories. It is translucent unlike leather however. Its natural color is amber/orange (but can be dyed), and it keeps a lovely mango smell.
### Physical form
**Physical form**
Surfaces
Color without additives: translucent, yellow/orange.
### Fabrication time
**Fabrication time**
Preparation time: 1 Hour
......@@ -24,17 +22,23 @@ Need attention: Ideally needs about 16 hours (over 2 days) of drying at low temp
Final form achieved after: 7 days
## Ingredients
**Estimated cost (consumables)**
0,21 Euros for a yield of approx one 25x25 cm sheet
##RECIPE
###Ingredients
* **1 Overripe mango - with skin** get these as waste from the market, they can have dents and bruises it doesn't matter. We will dehydrate the mango until it becomes leather-like.
* **Potato starch - 15 g** functions as the polymeer (makes the mango puree harder)
* **Glycerine - 15 gr** functions as plasticizer (makes it flexible).
* **White vinegar - 15 gr** vinegar is almost always added to starch-based biopolymers to change the molecular structure of the starch, making it stronger and more workable
* **Salt - 5 gr** as a preservative and stabilizer.
* **Vegetable oil - 1 tbsp** as a release agent for the mould.
## Tools
###Tools
1. **Cooker or stove** (optional: temperature controlled)
1. **Pot**
......@@ -45,11 +49,11 @@ Final form achieved after: 7 days
1. **Spoon**
## Yield before processing/drying/curing
###Yield
Approx. 25 x 25 cm sheet of 1-2 mm thick
## Method
###Method
1. **Preparation**
......@@ -58,7 +62,7 @@ Approx. 25 x 25 cm sheet of 1-2 mm thick
- Dissolve the starch in a dash of water until liquid
1. **Mixing the ingredients and activating the starch**
- put the mango puree in the pot with the salt, glycerine and vinegar
- put the mango puree in the pot with the salt and vinegar
- heat it at a low heat while stirring, you don't want it to boil and stick to the pot, but you want to kill any bacteria in there and dissipate some water.
- dissipate some of the excess water if it is very liquid but keep a low heat and stir.
- add the starch mixture and continue to stir for at least a minute until it transforms into a thick paste. If the paste is too liquid it will shrink a lot during the dehydration process and your leather sheet will tear.
......@@ -75,7 +79,7 @@ Approx. 25 x 25 cm sheet of 1-2 mm thick
- when the leather is dry to the touch (it will be a bit darker of color now), let it airdry in a well-ventilated space for another 5-7 days.
- alternate drying and pressing under a stack of heavy books or dry on a roster with weight on top for further drying while keeping it flat.
### Drying/curing/growth process
###Drying/curing/growth process
- Mold depth: 5 mm (filled 2-3mm high)
- Shrinkage thickness: 50 %
......@@ -103,8 +107,7 @@ Store in a dry space. Baking paper between sheets prevents sticking. Some sugges
Some more experimentation could be done on the effect of dissipating more or less water before drying, and adding more starch. Some post-treatments could be experimented with to make the leather more water proof (see also "variations on this recipe").
### Process
###Process pictures
![](../../images/mango1.jpg)*Find some overripe mangos that would otherwise be trashed, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -117,16 +120,17 @@ Some more experimentation could be done on the effect of dissipating more or les
![](../../images/mango6.jpg)*Casted onto a previously oiled tray, Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Variations on this recipe
###Variations
- Add a **natural colorant** such as a vegetable dye or water-based ink (e.g. hibiscus, beetroot, madder). The puree is acidic (PH6-7), consider this in your choice of colorant. Dissipate some more water or to compensate for the added liquid. Adding spices may also work to create color (and smell variations).
- Add **less or no glycerine** for a more rigid foil
- Add 2 tablespoons of **melted bees wax** for a more rigid, more water proof mango leather.
- Add 1-2 tablespoons of **melted bees wax** for a more rigid, more water proof mango leather.
- **Stiffeners** such as fibres, yarn or natural debris may be added for more structure and reinforcement.
- **Other starches** will work, pick whatever is (organically) produced locally.
- Try other **fibrous fruit waste **like, apples, pears, peaches, plums or even rhubarb.
### Cultural origins of this recipe
##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
**Cultural origins of this recipe**
Fruit leather was originally conceived of as a way to preserve fruit and is eaten as a snack! It's a way to preserve fruits, which is especially handy in hot climates where fruit is abundant but ripens and spoils ever so quickly. To make fruit leather, overripe fruit is best, used with skin and all.
......@@ -136,14 +140,17 @@ As a design material it has gained a lot of recognition from the development of
**Needs further research?** Not sure
### References this recipe draws from
###Key Sources
this is a variation on experiments documented by Beatriz Sandini:
**Ephemeral fashion lab** by Beatriz Sandini for Fabricademy 2019-2020 at Textile Lab Amsterdam, Waag: [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/beatriz.sandini/projects/final-project/)
###Copyright information
Sandini's recipes are published under an Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial licence.
### Known concerns and contestations
##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
Fruit leather as design material can only exist with the grace of excessive food waste. We should consider if we should make it easier to dispose of food waste at all or try to eliminate it. Others might argue it is better to use the fruit than to let it go to waste.
......@@ -151,7 +158,7 @@ Moreover, if you live in northern Europe, you should consider mango's to be exot
Some climates might be too cold for a natural drying process, so it will involve more time to produce, and/or more energy to use ovens and dehydrators, like described in this recipe.
### Sustainability tags
**Sustainability tags**
- Renewable ingredients: yes
- Vegan: yes
......@@ -161,13 +168,7 @@ Some climates might be too cold for a natural drying process, so it will involve
Needs further research? yes, possibilities of re-using the leather
## Material properties
### Comparative qualities
The material is thin but emulates the feeling of leather quite well but feels a little dryer to the touch than leathers used in most clothing items and accessories. It is translucent unlike leather however. Its natural color is amber/orange (but can be dyed), and it keeps a lovely mango smell.
### Technical and sensory properties
##PROPERTIES
- **Strength**: medium
- **Hardness**: flexible
......@@ -193,36 +194,30 @@ The material is thin but emulates the feeling of leather quite well but feels a
- **Color modifiers:** none
## About this entry
##ABOUT
### Maker(s) of this sample
**Maker(s) of this sample**
- Name: Loes Bogers
- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
- Location: Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Date: 29-03-2020 – 05-04-2020
### Environmental conditions
**Environmental conditions**
- Outside temp: 5-11 degrees Celcius
- Room temp: 18 – 22 degrees Celcius
- PH tap water: 7-8
### Recipe validation
**Recipe validation**
Has recipe been validated? Yes
Has recipe been validated? Yes, By Beatriz Sandini, Fabricademy student at TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 2 April 2020
By Beatriz Sandini, Fabricademy student at Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 2 April 2020
**Images of the final sample**
### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
0,21 Euros for a yield of approx one 25x25 cm sheet
## Copyright information
This is a variation on the recipes documented as part of the project **Ephemeral fashion lab** by Beatriz Sandini for Fabricademy 2019-2020 at Textile Lab Amsterdam, Waag: [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/beatriz.sandini/projects/final-project/)
![](../../images/finalpics-20.jpg)*Mango leather, Loes Bogers, 2020*
It is published under an Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial licence.
![](../../images/finalpics-21.jpg)*Mango leather, Loes Bogers, 2020*
##References
......@@ -232,11 +227,5 @@ It is published under an Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial licence.
- **Fruit leathers (Practical Action Brief)** on Appropedia, [link](https://www.appropedia.org/Fruit_leathers_(Practical_Action_Brief))
## Images of final product
![](../../images/finalpics-20.jpg)*Mango leather, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/finalpics-21.jpg)*Mango leather, Loes Bogers, 2020*
docs/files/recipes/oniondye.md
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![](../../images/finalpics-143.jpg)*Dye of yellow onion skins, Loes Bogers, 2020*
### Description
##GENERAL INFORMATION
Dye made of yellow onion skins, gives golden/yellow and orange to brown tones.
Dye made of yellow onion skins, gives golden/yellow and orange to brown tones. Onion skin dye is relatively colorfast compared to other natural dyes. It dyes animal-based fibres like silk and wool quite well, less intense on linen and cotton (plant-based fibres).
### Physical form
**Physical form**
Pastes, gels & liquids
Color without additives: Golden yellow
### Fabrication time
**Fabrication time**
Preparation time: 2 Hours
......@@ -22,7 +22,13 @@ Need attention: the entire processing time (temperature and stirring)
Final form achieved after: 2 hours
## Ingredients
**Estimated cost (consumables)**
0,02 Euros, for a yield of approx. 200 ml
##RECIPE
###Ingredients
* **Yellow onion skins - 10 g** this is the dye stuff
* **water - 500 ml/g** solvent to extract the pigment from the onion
......@@ -33,7 +39,7 @@ Final form achieved after: 2 hours
* optional: PH modifiers (see [this recipe](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/loes.bogers/files/recipes/phmodifiers/))
* optional: a piece of silk, or aquarel paper and a brush for testing.
## Tools
###Tools
1. **Cooker**
1. **Pot**
......@@ -42,11 +48,11 @@ Final form achieved after: 2 hours
1. **A strainer**
1. **A glass jar** to store the dye
## Yield
###Yield
Approx. 200 ml
## Method
###Method
1. **Preparation**
......@@ -73,7 +79,7 @@ Approx. 200 ml
- Optional: modify with PH modifiers
### Process
###Process pictures
![](../../images/onion1.jpg)*Saving up onion skins in a glass jar, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -92,7 +98,7 @@ Approx. 200 ml
![](../../images/onion10.jpg)*Onion skin dye in a jar, Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Variations on this recipe
###Variations
- Add a binder such as arabic gum to create a nicer flow if you wish to use this ink for painting and arts, not dyeing textiles.
- Make dyes for other kinds of food waste, like used coffee grounds (light browns), old coffee (deep browns), PH sensitive beetroot dye (vintage pinks and salmon tones) etc. Or research and consider dyes from dried goods like turmeric powder (bright yellow), PH sensitive hibiscus tea (purple, blues, greens and gray).
......@@ -100,7 +106,9 @@ Approx. 200 ml
- Add some onion skins - or onion skin liquor - to another natural dye to give it some more warm yellow undertones.
- Make dyes from other food waste: such as the stones of avocados (put 2-3 of them in a bag and crush with a hammer) and boil in water with a teaspoon of soda for 2 hours. It creates fine red/brown inks and pink textile dyes.
### Cultural origins of this recipe
##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
**Cultural origins of this recipe**
Onion dye is commonly used all over the world to dye yarns, fibres, eggs and even hair in golden yellow tones.
......@@ -108,15 +116,19 @@ Onion dye is commonly used all over the world to dye yarns, fibres, eggs and eve
Where were such dyes first used? Have yellow onions always been around locally or did they travel?
### This recipe draws together information from these other recipes
###Key Sources
Boiling in water is a common way of extracting pigments from a dye stuff. The resources listed under references informed this recipe.
### Known concerns and contestations
###Copyright information
This is considered to be in the public domain.
##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
Yellow onions can be found in abundance in many countries (including the Netherlands). Their skins are not eaten and as such are a great resource for creating dyestuffs. The collection of onion skins is not straightforward, there is no infrastructure for it yet.
### Sustainability tags
**Sustainability tags**
- Renewable ingredients: yes
- Vegan: yes
......@@ -126,13 +138,7 @@ Yellow onions can be found in abundance in many countries (including the Netherl
Needs further research?: Would be useful to have an overview of how often this can be used as a dye bath and how it fades.
## Material properties
### Comparative qualities
Onion skin dye is relatively colorfast compared to other natural dyes. It dyes animal-based fibres like silk and wool quite well, less intense on linen and cotton (plant-based fibres).
### Technical and sensory properties
##PROPERTIES
- **Color fastness:** medium
- **Light fastness:** medium
......@@ -140,43 +146,27 @@ Onion skin dye is relatively colorfast compared to other natural dyes. It dyes a
- **Color modifiers:** acidic/alkaline (only moderately)
- **Odor**: moderate (disappears after drying)
## About this entry
##ABOUT
### Maker of this sample
**Maker(s) of this sample**
- Name: Loes Bogers
- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
- Location: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Date: 06-03-2020 - 07-03-2020
### Environmental conditions
**Environmental conditions**
- Humidity: not sure
- Outside temp: 5-11 degrees Celcius
- Room temp: 18 – 22 degrees Celcius
- PH tap water: 7-8
### Recipe validation
Has recipe been validated?
Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
0,02 Euros, for a yield of approx. 200 ml
## Copyright information
**Recipe validation**
This recipe is in the public domain.
##References
- **Biochromes** by Cecilia Raspanti for Fabricademy, 15 October 2019: [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week04/)
- **Yellow onion skins in alum mordant**, in: *Vegetable Dyeing* by Alma Lesch, 1970: pp. 54-55.
- **Natural dyeing yellows and browns with onion skins** by Andie Luijk for Renaissance Dyeing, 27 August 2009: [link](https://www.renaissancedyeing.com/en/blog/2009/08/27/natural-dyeing-yellows-and-browns-onion-skins/)
Has recipe been validated? Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
### Images of final product
**Images of the final sample**
![](../../images/finalpics-144.jpg)*Yellow onion skin dye on paper, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -188,6 +178,12 @@ This recipe is in the public domain.
![](../../images/finalpics-149.jpg)*Dye of yellow onion skins with soda (PH 13) modifier, Loes Bogers, 2020*
##References
- **Biochromes** by Cecilia Raspanti for Fabricademy, 15 October 2019: [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week04/)
- **Yellow onion skins in alum mordant**, in: *Vegetable Dyeing* by Alma Lesch, 1970: pp. 54-55.
- **Natural dyeing yellows and browns with onion skins** by Andie Luijk for Renaissance Dyeing, 27 August 2009: [link](https://www.renaissancedyeing.com/en/blog/2009/08/27/natural-dyeing-yellows-and-browns-onion-skins/)
......
docs/files/recipes/phmodifiers.md
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![](../../images/finalpics-185.jpg)*PH paper and an alkaline modifier, Loes Bogers, 2020*
### Description
##GENERAL INFORMATION
Recipe for alkaline and acidic PH modifiers to be used with natural dyes and inks (water and alcohol-based), and PH test strips made with red cabbage dye or ink.
PH modifiers can change the original color to become brighter, duller, or even go all the way from purples to greens and blues. Alkaline tends to make colors PH sensitive natural dyes "colder", while acidic dyes create warmer shades. Acidic and alkaline modifiers have an especially strong effect on dyes made of vegetables that contain *anthocyanin* such as red cabbage, hibiscus, blueberry.
### Physical form
Less precise than litmus paper but precise enough to indicate acidity, neutral or alkaline PH. Might lose its properties as PH indicator over time (needs further research).
**Physical form**
Pastes, gels & liquids
Color without additives: Transparent colorless. Can take on some pigments if dyed textile is dipped in.
### Fabrication time
**Fabrication time**
Preparation time: 30 minutes
......@@ -24,7 +26,13 @@ Need attention: N/A
Final form achieved after: N/A
## Ingredients
**Estimated cost (consumables)**
0,02 Euros for a yield of approx. 4x 170 ml (ex. cabbage dye)
##RECIPE
###Ingredients
* **Water - 1000 L**, the solvent, ideally has a PH of 7.
* **Soda ash - 5g**, to make an alkaline solution (PH 8-PH 13)
......@@ -32,7 +40,7 @@ Final form achieved after: N/A
* **Red cabage dye - 50 ml** see [this recipe](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/loes.bogers/files/recipes/cabbagedye/). Alcohol-based cabage ink is also fine.
* **A large round coffee filter**, ideally white ones. To make PH strips. If you can't find these, get 4 smaller filters and cut them open so you have only one layer.
## Tools
###Tools
1. **Four glass jars** size depending on how much PH modifying solution you wish to prepare, 200 ml and up is convenient for dipping dyed textile swatches.
1. **Four spoons** don't mix the spoons, one per jar
......@@ -44,12 +52,11 @@ Final form achieved after: N/A
1. Optional: commercial PH measuring strips or a PH measuring device
1. Optional: stapler, or some paperclips, or sticky tape and labels
## Yield before processing/drying/curing
###Yield
Four PH modifying solutions of approx. 170 ml each (PH 1-2, PH 5-6 acidic, and PH 9-10 and PH 13-14 alkaline), and 50-75 PH strips with reference.
## Method
###Method
1. **Preparing the PH paper**
......@@ -100,7 +107,7 @@ Four PH modifying solutions of approx. 170 ml each (PH 1-2, PH 5-6 acidic, and P
- It is useful to know and record this information. For example, if a bioplastics mixture is very acidic (e.g. the starch-based plastics that contain vinegar), it will modify the color of a PH sensitive dye when you add it. Knowing this before hand will help you pick your dyes accordingly.
- Also testing the PH values of water can be useful. In some recipes you might need to know if your tap water is alkaline or not so you can assess whether you need to offset it by adding some vinegar or other acid to your recipe (e.g. for growing kombucha SCOBY).
### Process
###Process pictures
![](../../images/phpaper13.JPG)*The cabbage dye on a coffee filter, drying, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -117,15 +124,16 @@ Four PH modifying solutions of approx. 170 ml each (PH 1-2, PH 5-6 acidic, and P
![](../../images/phmodifiers2.jpg)*Modifying until you get the right PH values, top to bottom: citric acid 2g, citric acid 0.1g, tap water, soda 0.1g, soda 2.0g, Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Variations on this recipe
###Variations
- Make a better design for the booklet, without wasting material.
- Experiment by combining PH modifiers with traditional tie-dyeing and printmaking techniques.
- Experiment by using the water-based dyes to stain paper and modify then while wet for organic water colors-like effects, or dry for clear, sharp contrasting colors.
- Research other foods that contain anthocyanin and make paper with juice and dyes from other fruits and vegetable waste.
### Cultural origins of this recipe
##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
**Cultural origins of this recipe**
Red cabbage juice has been known to be a PH indicator (origins unknown) and is a favourite for science experiments in education.
A historically more well-known PH indicator however, is the *litmus test*, a procedure ascribed to Spanish alchemist, astrologer and phycisian Arnaldus de Villa Nova, around 1300. The term litmus comes from an Old Norse word meaning "to dye or color." As such it is strongly associated with practices of alchemy, a precursor to contemporary science that has long been ridiculed for its esoteric philosophy, magic and quest to turn lead into gold. Eventually historians of science acknowledged alchemy for laying groundwork for science with many of its practical and experimental applications and techniques, such as litmus.
......@@ -134,16 +142,19 @@ Litmus paper and universal PH scale is said to have been invented by J.L. Gay-Lu
**Needs further research?** Not sure
### References this recipe draws from
###Key Sources
- **Biochromes** by Cecilia Raspanti for Fabricademy, Lecture slides, 15 October 2019: [link](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ar8j0cJntsFiBxdnrhqTA_9lgDDzB1Wg/view?usp=sharing)
- **How to make Red Cabbage PH Paper** by Anne Marie Helmenstine for ThoughtCo, 2 February 2020: (https://www.thoughtco.com/make-red-cabbage-ph-paper-605993)
### Known concerns and contestations
###Copyright information
The use of PH modifiers is information that is in the public domain. How to create PH paper from red cabbage is also widely documented and could be considered common knowledge, but further research recommended. The resource listed has been informative during the writing of this recipe however.
The dye might lose its ability to indicate PH because it is not very light fast. It's also not very precies and maybe less over time. PH of the modifiers might change over time as well, unclear how often they can be reused (further research needed).
##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
### Sustainability tags
The dye might lose its ability to indicate PH because it is not very lightfast. It's also not very precies and maybe less over time, but that's not always so important. PH of the modifiers might change over time as well, unclear how often they can be reused (further research needed). Your PH paper may look different from mine and behave differently from mine, but also that might be ok.
**Sustainability tags**
- Renewable ingredients: yes
- Vegan: yes
......@@ -153,42 +164,36 @@ The dye might lose its ability to indicate PH because it is not very light fast.
Needs further research?: not sure
## Material properties
### Comparative qualities
Less precise than litmus paper but precise enough to indicate acidity, neutral or alkaline PH. Might lose its properties as PH indicator over time (needs further research).
## About this entry
##ABOUT
### Maker(s) of this sample
**Maker(s) of this sample**
- Name: Loes Bogers
- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
- Location: Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Date: 06-03-2020 – 16-03-2020
### Environmental conditions
**Environmental conditions**
- Outside temp: 5-11 degrees Celcius
- Room temp: 18 – 22 degrees Celcius
- PH tap water: 7-8
### Recipe validation
**Recipe validation**
Has recipe been validated? Yes
Has recipe been validated? Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
By Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
**Images of the final sample**
### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
![](../../images/finalpics-184.jpg)*PH paper and an alkaline modifier, Loes Bogers, 2020*
0,02 Euros for a yield of approx. 4x 170 ml (ex. cabbage dye)
![](../../images/finalpics-185.jpg)*PH paper and an alkaline modifier, Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Copyright information
![](../../images/finalpics-186.jpg)*PH paper made with red cabbage ink, Loes Bogers, 2020*
The use of PH modifiers is information that is in the public domain. How to create PH paper from red cabbage is also widely documented and can be considered common knowledge. Further research recommended.
![](../../images/finalpics-187.jpg)*PH paper reference, Loes Bogers, 2020*
##References
##REFERENCES
- **Biochromes** by Cecilia Raspanti for Fabricademy, Lecture slides, 15 October 2019: [link](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ar8j0cJntsFiBxdnrhqTA_9lgDDzB1Wg/view?usp=sharing)
- **How to make Red Cabbage PH Paper** by Anne Marie Helmenstine for ThoughtCo, 2 February 2020: (https://www.thoughtco.com/make-red-cabbage-ph-paper-605993)
......@@ -196,15 +201,6 @@ The use of PH modifiers is information that is in the public domain. How to crea
- **Litmus Paper**, on How Product are Made, n.d.:[link](http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/Litmus-Paper.html)
- **From alchemy to chemistry**, by Khan Academy's Big History Project, [link](https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/stars-and-elements/other-material3/a/from-alchemy-to-chemistry)
## Images of final product
![](../../images/finalpics-184.jpg)*PH paper and an alkaline modifier, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/finalpics-185.jpg)*PH paper and an alkaline modifier, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/finalpics-186.jpg)*PH paper made with red cabbage ink, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/finalpics-187.jpg)*PH paper reference, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......
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# [RECIPE NAME (max 4 words)]
### Tactility & sound impression
[youtube embed here]
### Description
##GENERAL INFORMATION
[Describe the material in max 150 words]
### Physical form
**Physical form**
Surfaces & Surface Treatments | Solids | Strings, Pipes & Tubes | Grains & Powders | Pastes, gels & liquids
Color without additives:
### Fabrication time
**Fabrication time**
Preparation time: [number 0-24] Hours
Processing time: [number 0-100] [select unit days/weeks]
......@@ -25,7 +21,15 @@ Need attention: every [number][select unit: hours/days] to [free text] describe
Final form achieved after: [number 0-99] [select unit days/weeks
## Ingredients
**Estimated cost (consumables)**
*including use of disposables likegloves*
[number] Euros, for a yield of approx. [number][unit]
##RECIPE
###Ingredients
* **[Ingredient ] [optional or not?]**
* Amount: [number]
......@@ -38,7 +42,7 @@ Final form achieved after: [number 0-99] [select unit days/weeks
* [Function, e.g. plasticizer]
## Tools
###Tools
1. **[Tool] [optional or not?]**
- Is this ingredient optional? Yes/No
......@@ -48,11 +52,11 @@ Final form achieved after: [number 0-99] [select unit days/weeks
- Is this ingredient optional? Yes/No
## Yield before processing/drying/curing
###Yield
Approx. [number] [unit]
## Method
###Method
1. **[Step 1]**
......@@ -69,7 +73,7 @@ Approx. [number] [unit]
- [Free text]
- [Free text]
### Drying/curing/growth process
###Drying/curing/growth process
[Free text]
......@@ -98,20 +102,23 @@ Yes/No/Not sure
[Notes]
### Process
###Process pictures
![](../images/yourimage1.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
![](../images/yourimage2.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
![](../images/yourimage3.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
![](../images/yourimage4.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
![](../images/yourimage5.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
## Variations on this recipe
###Variations
- [Free text]
- [Free text]
- [Free text]
### Cultural origins of this recipe
##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
**Cultural origins of this recipe**
[Free text]
......@@ -119,19 +126,27 @@ Yes/No/Not sure
[Notes]
### This recipe draws together information from these other recipes
###Key Sources
- **[Title of publication 1]** by [First + Last Name Author]\([Affiliation/Institution]\), [Publication name or channel], [YYYY], [link](put URL here).
###Copyright information
### Known concerns and contestations\*
Is the information listed above copyrighted or published under e.g. a creative commons licence? Provide info here.
If not, please state that you agree to publish this recipe under a Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike (CC BY-SA 2.0) license
**By submitting this recipe I agree to publish it under a CC BY-SA 2.0 Creative Commons license. Please mention to these details for attributions:**
[Title of publication 1] by [First Name, Last Name Author]\([Affiliation/Institution]\), [YYYY], [Publication name or channel],[link](put URL here).
##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
Yes/No/Needs further research
[Describe them here free text]
### Sustainability tags
**Sustainability tags**
- Renewable ingredients: yes/no/needs further research
- Vegan: yes/no/needs further research
......@@ -143,13 +158,7 @@ Needs further research?: Yes/No/Not sure
[Notes]
## Material properties
### Comparative qualities
[150 words]
### Technical and sensory properties
##PROPERTIES
- **Strength**: fragile/medium/strong/variable
- **Hardness**: rigid/resilient/flexible/variable
......@@ -175,54 +184,38 @@ Needs further research?: Yes/No/Not sure
- **Color modifiers:** alkaline/acidic/copper/iron/none
## About this entry
##ABOUT
### Maker of this sample
**Maker(s) of this sample**
- Name: Loes Bogers
- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
- Location: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Date: [DD-MM-YYYY] – DD-MM-YYYY]
### Environmental conditions
**Environmental conditions**
- Humidity: not sure
- Outside temp: 5-11 degrees Celcius
- Room temp: 18 – 22 degrees Celcius
- PH tap water: 7-8
### Recipe validation
**Recipe validation**
Has recipe been validated?
Yes
By Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
No/Yes, by [NAME], [AFFILIATION], [LOCATION], [DATE]
### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
**Images of the final sample**
*including use of disposables likegloves*
[number] Euros, for a yield of approx. [number][unit]
## Copyright information
Is the information listed above copyrighted or published under e.g. a creative commons licence? Provide info here.
![](../images/yourimage1.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
If not, please state that you agree to publish this recipe under a Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike (CC BY-SA 2.0) license
![](../images/yourimage2.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
**By submitting this recipe I agree to publish it under a CC BY-SA 2.0 Creative Commons license. Please mention to these details for attributions:**
![](../images/yourimage3.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
[Title of publication 1] by [First Name, Last Name Author]\([Affiliation/Institution]\), [YYYY], [Publication name or channel],[link](put URL here).
##References
##REFERENCES
- **[Title of publication 1]** by [First + Last Name Author]\([Affiliation/Institution]\), [Publication name or channel], [YYYY], [link](put URL here).
### Images of final product
![](../images/yourimage1.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
![](../images/yourimage2.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
![](../images/yourimage3.jpg)*Caption, Image credit, Year*
docs/files/recipes/recycledPLA.md
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# RE-USED PLA SCRAPS
### Tactility & sound impression
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5LEAyJeNhrM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jmmE_9pNVwA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xlE57wnyWHw" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
### Description
##GENERAL INFORMATION
Melted PLA (poly lactic acid based on cornstarch that is often used as 3D print filament) has a beautiful glossy shine (if not pressed), it is strong, waterproof and very heat resistant: it maintains the same properties as before.
### Physical form
These sheets and rosters are strong and light and more dense than most PLA prints (because usually a partial honeycomb in-fill is used to create 3D shapes with a printer, it is usually not solid PLA). It's very glossy, like polycarbonate, acrylic sheets, or shiny PVC clothing.
**Physical form**
Surfaces
Color without additives: very glossy, color of filament scraps used
### Fabrication time
**Fabrication time**
Preparation time: 1 Hour
......@@ -30,7 +28,14 @@ Need attention: N/A
Final form achieved after: 15 minutes
## Ingredients
**Estimated cost (consumables)**
0,00 euros (try to get scraps for free from local fablabs/printshops)
##RECIPE
###Ingredients
* **PLA scraps - at least 20 grams** from the 3D printer (rafts, brims, skirts).
......@@ -38,7 +43,7 @@ This is the material, you will use it to thermoform it in the oven. PLA is quite
You can sort them by color, or mix them up. Just make sure it's only PLA, not a mix of ABS or other types of filament.
## Tools
###Tools
1. **Scissors**
1. **A big transparent plastic bag**
......@@ -52,11 +57,11 @@ You can sort them by color, or mix them up. Just make sure it's only PLA, not a
1. Optional: a hammer to crush thicker parts into smaller bits
## Yield before processing/drying/curing
###Yield
The same weight as the amount of scraps used. It will shrink in volume significantly! 20 grams will give you about a thin solid 10x10 sheet.
## Method
###Method
1. **Preparation**
......@@ -77,7 +82,7 @@ The same weight as the amount of scraps used. It will shrink in volume significa
- There's some chance involved in this process but the results are look nice and organic.
- If you don't like it re-melt the PLA and try again.
### Drying/curing/growth process
###Drying/curing/growth process
Just melting, no drying or curing involved. It does not shrink so much, but the volume is reduced significantly by melting.
......@@ -103,7 +108,8 @@ Yes
More experimentation could be done in terms of forming the melted PLA. The challenge here is that this has to happen while it's hot.
### Process
###Process pictures
![](../../images/pla1.jpg)*Cutting up PLA scraps (rafts, brims and skirts from (failed) prints, Loes Bogers, 2020*
![](../../images/pla4.jpg)*Cutting them inside a transparent bag to prevent pieces flying everywhere, Loes Bogers, 2020*
......@@ -121,7 +127,7 @@ More experimentation could be done in terms of forming the melted PLA. The chall
![](../../images/pla10.jpg)*The melted transparent scraps, Loes Bogers, 2020*
## Variations on this recipe
###Variations
- Try creating an improvised heatpress to make even flat sheets
- Layer up the scraps and make a design in stages
......@@ -129,43 +135,58 @@ More experimentation could be done in terms of forming the melted PLA. The chall
The process of recycling PLA filament waste is well researched and can be upscaled to DIY semi-industral processes. The Dutch design agency Precious Plastic provides open-source designs for shredding, extrusion, and sheetmaking machines for recycled plastics such as PLA.
### Cultural origins of this recipe
##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
**Cultural origins of this recipe**
**About the material**: Polyactic Acid (PLA) was invented as early as the 1920s by the Wallace brothers, the same people who invented nylon. They searched for a more environmentally friendly pastic but its uptake grinded to a halt because it was too expensive for commercial use. Many bio-based plastics continue to be more expensive than their petroleum based alternatives. Patrick and Sally Gruber discovered how to create PLA from corn in their kitchen stove in 1989. Their technique reduced the cost of PLA production greatly.
In recent times, it is strongly associated with 3D printers (CNC machines that extrude thermoplastics into a 3D shape defined in a digital design (using stereolithography). It was hailed as the biodegradable alternative for ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) filament, which is a derivative of natural gas and petroleum.
**PLA and bioplastics**: PLA is made of renewable materials, or biomass (like corn starch), which makes it a bioplastic. The difference with normal plastics is that it is not based on finite resources such as petroleum. The bioplastic PLA is also compostable, which means it an be turned into compost by microbes so it can be reabsorbed by nature, but only under "certain conditions": PLA degrades if it is in 55-60 degrees Celcius for at least 10 days. Not all bioplastics as biodegradable/compostable. Some, like bio-PET or bio-PP are chemically the same as their petrol-based counterparts even though they are made of renewable resources.
**Needs further research?** Not sure
###Key Sources
This is a variation on some of the techniques shown in: **Failed Print Recycling Revisited: Guitar Picks, Earrings, and More**, by Devin Montes on his MakeAnything Youtube channel, 28 April 2017: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42c8go9A7HQ
###Copyright information
[Free text]
This is an adaptation of many similar techniques that have been shared openly, such as (for example) the one by Devin Montes listed above. It could be considered to be in the public domain but further research is recommended.
**Needs further research?** Yes/No/Not sure
##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
[Notes]
Strictly speaking, PLA is a **compostable** bioplastic. Something is compostable when it can break down into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass in small pieces in about 90 days (in an industrial composting facility). It efffectively means it can be converted into good quality *compost* and when composted, acts as a beneficial fertilizer. However, it is important to note that composting does not always happen under the same conditions: for some plastics this requires special processes and facilities to do so, which may involves the use of more energy.
### This recipe draws together information from these other recipes
PLA for example needs to be composted at 55-60 degrees Celcius for 10 days: not the temperature of your average compost heap in the garden. This is done in industrial composting plants where the right air, microbes and temperature is monitored in **controlled environment** so the composting process can take place.
**Failed Print Recycling Revisited: Guitar Picks, Earrings, and More**, by Devin Montes on his MakeAnything Youtube channel, 28 April 2017: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42c8go9A7HQ
Most of the other bioplastics recipes here, like the gelatin-, agar- and starch-based bioplastics will compost under almost any conditions (also in your backyard): they don't require a lot of heat and almost any microbes will do the job in composting these. As such they are suitable for *home composting* under loosely controlled conditions.
### Known concerns and contestations
Generally speaking, although highly compostable materials can return to the earth, it has been argued that this is still a waste of energy: the energy used to create the complex polymer. It is useful to consider if re-use is not better than composting for materials that allow it (e.g. PLA, but also the gelatin-based bioplastics described here). There are no simple "silver bullet" solutions to the plastic problem, but we keep searching.
Needs further research
It has been suggested that *recycling* Poly Lactic Acid plastics (PLA) is a better end-of-cycle alternative than combusting/composting.
Although this is not a compostable bioplastic (it is biodegradable but requires special processes to do so, and involves quite some energy). It has been suggested that recycling Poly Lactic Acid plastics (PLA) is a better end-of-cycle alternative than combusting/composting in this case.
Biocompostable is not the same as biodegradable. A *biodegradable* product *may* be broken down by microorganisms (eventually, but this can take much longer than 90 days and still be called biodegradable) but this does not necessarily imply that the product can be converted into good quality compost that is good for the soil and plants. It just means it will not harm the environment once degraded. TÜV Austria in Belgium provides several certifications for different kinds of compostable plastics: they describe the distinction between industrial and home composting on their website, but also have separate certificates form materials that are compostable in the soil and in water. Their website is a good resource for disambiguation.
### Sustainability tags
Lastly, even though some plastics can be composted, it doesn't mean it happens. At the moment it is not cost-effective enough for most recycling plants to offer this service, so the compostable plastics end up getting mixed up with the PET, PE and PP's and can contaminate the waste stream, weakening the properties of recycled plastics.
Conversely, there's an unwillingness amongst professional composting plants to accept bioplastics, because they believe comsumers might recycle bioplastics that are not compostable, which contaminates the quality of the compost that is to be reused as a fertilizer.
- Renewable ingredients: yes (cornstarch)
NOTE: this information is based on European standards and might be different for other countries.
**Sustainability tags**
- Renewable ingredients: yes (plant starch from corn, beets, sugar cane)
- Vegan: yes
- Made of by-products or waste: yes
- Biocompostable final product: no
- Biocompostable final product: yes, but only in *special* composting facilities (requires 55-60 degrees Celcius for at least 10 days). Hence the recycling recipe.
- Re-use: yes, it can be re-melted endlessly as long as the PLA is not combined with other materials in a composite.
Needs further research?: Not sure
Recycling PLA with PET plastics contaminates the waste stream.
## Material properties
### Comparative qualities
These sheets and rosters are strong and light and more dense than most PLA prints (because usually a partial honeycomb in-fill is used to create 3D shapes with a printer, it is usually not solid PLA). It's very glossy, like polycarbonate, acrylic sheets, or shiny PVC clothing.
### Technical and sensory properties
##PROPERTIES
- **Strength**: strong
- **Hardness**: rigid
......@@ -191,49 +212,43 @@ These sheets and rosters are strong and light and more dense than most PLA print
- **PH modifiers:** none
## About this entry
##ABOUT
### Maker of this sample
**Maker(s) of this sample**
- Name: Loes Bogers
- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
- Location: Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Date: 15-03-2020
### Environmental conditions
**Environmental conditions**
- Humidity: not sure
- Outside temp: 5-11 degrees Celcius
- Room temp: 18 – 22 degrees Celcius
- PH tap water: 7-8
### Recipe validation
**Recipe validation**
Has recipe been validated?
Not yet.
### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
0,00 euros (try to get scraps for free from local fablabs/printshops)
## Copyright information
This is an adaptation of many similar techniques that have been shared openly, such as (for example) the one by Devin Montes listed below. It could be considered to be in the public domain but further research is recommended.
##References
**Failed Print Recycling Revisited: Guitar Picks, Earrings, and More**, by Devin Montes on his *MakeAnything* Youtube channel, 28 April 2017, [link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42c8go9A7HQ)
**Poly (Lactic Acid) Generated for Advanced Materials** by Pranut Potiyaraj, in: Kobayashi, Takaomi, ed. *Applied environmental materials science for sustainability*. IgI Global, 2016: pp. 106-126.
**Precious Plastic Universe**, originally started by Dave Hakkens, then soon joined by many others, 2012 onwards, [link](https://preciousplastic.com/solutions/machines/overview.html)
### Images of final product
**Images of the final sample**
![](../../images/finalpics-62.jpg)*Transparent remelted PLA scraps, Loes Bogers, 2019*
![](../../images/finalpics-64.jpg)*Transparent remelted PLA scraps, Loes Bogers, 2019*
![](../../images/finalpics-61.jpg)*Transparent remelted PLA scraps, Loes Bogers, 2019*
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![](../../images/finalpics-61.jpg)*Transparent remelted PLA scraps, Loes Bogers, 2019*
##REFERENCES
- **Failed Print Recycling Revisited: Guitar Picks, Earrings, and More**, by Devin Montes on his *MakeAnything* Youtube channel, 28 April 2017, [link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42c8go9A7HQ)
- **Poly (Lactic Acid) Generated for Advanced Materials** by Pranut Potiyaraj, in: Kobayashi, Takaomi, ed. *Applied environmental materials science for sustainability*. IgI Global, 2016: pp. 106-126.
- **Precious Plastic Universe**, originally started by Dave Hakkens, then soon joined by many others, 2012 onwards, [link](https://preciousplastic.com/solutions/machines/overview.html)
- **The Myth of Biodegradability**, by Tom Szaky for The New York Times, 9 February 2012: [link](https://boss.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/09/the-myth-of-biodegradability/)
- **Compostability**, TÜV Austria, n.d. [link](https://www.tuv-at.be/green-marks/certifications/ok-compost-seedling/)
- **Milieu Impact van Verpakkingen**, by Milieucentraal (Dutch), n.d.: [link](https://www.milieucentraal.nl/minder-afval/verpakkingen/milieu-impact-van-verpakkingen/)
- **Polyactic Acid**, Wikipedia, n.d.: [link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylactic_acid)
- **Polyactic Acid (PLA) Plastic** by White Clouds, n.d. [link](https://www.whiteclouds.com/3DPedia/pla.html)
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#TOOLS
![](../../images/finalpics.jpg)*PH paper and an alkaline modifier, Loes Bogers, 2020*
##GENERAL INFORMATION
Text text
intro intro
##ESSENTIALS
###Kitchen utensils
- Cooker or stove (optional: temperature controlled)
- Oven
- Cheesecloth or clean towels
- Baking paper
- a rolling pin
- A knife (to cut vegetables)
- Pots (small and large)
- A precision scale (capable of measuring 0.1 grams)
- Spoons
- a whisk
- bowls to weigh ingredients
- A large bowl
- A large oven dish
- Wide glass jars (approx. diameter 20 cm, 15 cm deep) for kombucha growth
- Blender (dedicated to non-food processing)
- Mortar & pestle or chopping/grinding machine
- Glass jars with lids (small, medium and large) as many as you can find
- Kitchen paper
- Large round coffee filters
- Strainer (with fine mesh)
- Funnel (small)
- Funnel (large)
- A blunt scraping tool (or a spoon)
- A drying rack (used in the oven)
- A silicone mat
- Anti-bacterial hand soap
- Large transparent ziplock bags
- Oven mitts/gloves
- Access to a fridge and freezer
###Basic DIY & crafts tools
- A stack of heavy books (for pressing)
- 4x spray bottle(s) of 100-150 ml
- Painting tape
- Nails and a hammer
- Wooden board of approx 60 x 30 cm
- a syringe 60 cc (without needle)
- Sticks (like chopsticks or skewers)
- Clips
- A staple gun
- 1-2 of 100% pure silk for dyeing and crystal growing
- Rubber bands
- Fish wire
- A fine japanese brush
- Aquarel paper (used for water colors)
- A normal painting brush
- Paperclips
- Labels
- Scissors
- Pipettes
- Pen and paper or a laptop for notetaking
###Basic biolab supplies
- Pressure cooker pan
- 2x Glass petri dish large 20 cm diameter
- 12x (or more) small petri dishes, ideally glass ones
- A gas burner (like a campinggaz or bunsen burner)
- A lighter
- A permanent marker (thin)
- An inoculation loop or other metal loop
- 2x heat proof glass bottle with screw cap, 500 ml
- Autoclave tape
- Parafilm
- An incubator or temperature controlled box (26-30 degrees C)
- Disposable vinyl gloves
###Tools to find around the house (or at the hardware store)
- A drying rack (used for laundry)
- A sheet of fine mesh (plastic, textile, metal, all fine) slightly larger than the wooden frame
- A wooden frame (e.g. a large picture frame)
- Heavy duty cleaning gloves
- A squeegee or strip of acrylic
- Protective clothing (that can get dirty, like a lab coat)
- A face mask (to protect against dust and fumes)
###Optional tools
- Additional acrylic sheet to cut modular molds (if you have access to a laser cutter)
- Nuts & bolts to keep modular molds together
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