docs/files/presentation.md

+#Final presentation
+
+##Slides
+
+<iframe src="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vTMDmGl83b2ylicuzsJ4lrWZ8cewbQzKEd9uZ7zYR9AhnFOyPg1-3dAETjhSaTDI-_zQ_o1cH8GDP-e/embed?start=false&loop=false&delayms=60000" frameborder="0" width="600" height="366" allowfullscreen="true" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe>
+
+##Product video
+
+<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FIOPSd76PNg?controls=0" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>

docs/files/recipes/agarfoil.md

-# BIORESIN
+# AGAR FOIL
 
-### Tactility & sound impression
+<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0T2z2sMUh3Y" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
 
-<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gNOtGunJc2A" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
+##GENERAL INFORMATION
 
-### Description
+A vegan flexible, transparent foil that can resist water and moderate heat (up to 85 degrees C) quite well without transforming. This foil feels rubbery and flexible, and can remain a little sticky (more than e.g. the alginate and gelatine-based foil). It's not as sticky as cling film or cellophane, it's more comparable to a transparent PVC foil for example.
 
-A (naturally) amber-coloured hard bioresin, gelatin-based.
+**Physical form**
 
-### Physical form
+Surfaces 
 
-Solids
+Color without additives: transparent, slightly yellow/beige when folded
 
-Color without additives: transparent, yellow/orange/amber colored.
-
-### Fabrication time
+**Fabrication time**
 
 Preparation time: 1 Hour
 
-Processing time: 5-10 days
+Processing time: 7 days
 
-Need attention: None, just leave it to dry as long as is feasible with lots of airflow.
+Need attention: N/A, let dry in place with lots of airflow
 
 Final form achieved after: 10 days
 
-## Ingredients
+**Estimated cost (consumables)**
+
+0,50 Euros, for a yield of approx. 200 ml
+
+##RECIPE
 
-* **Gelatine powder - 96 gr**
-	* Functions as the polymeer (so it becomes a solid)
-* **Glycerine - 16 gr**
-	* Functions as plasticizer that bonds with the gelatine (makes it flexible). 
-* **Water - 480 ml/gr**
-	* To dissolve and mix the polymeer and plasticizer
+###Ingredients
 
-## Tools
+* **Agar - 5 g** 
+	* Polymer (makes it hard)
+* **Glycerine - 15 g**
+	* Plasticizer
+* **Water - 250 ml/g** 
+	* Solvent, to dissolve and heat the agar
 
-1. **Cooker or stove** (optional: temperature controlled)
-1. **Pot**
+###Tools
+
+1. **Spoon**
 1. **Scale**
-1. **Moulds** (ideally with removeable base to increase airflow). I have modular silicon walls with metal wire inside them that allow me to cast and then turn the moulds on their side for more airflow and drying from top and bottom. I use a silicon or acrylic sheet with these mould walls.
-1. **Spoon** 
+1. **Bowls** to weigh ingredients
+1. **Cooker** (ideally temperature controlled)
+1. **Thermometer (optional)** if you don't have a temperature controlled cooker
+1. **Mold** of about 20 cm diameter (or equivalent). Optional: you can also cast on a surface like an acrylic sheet but your sheet will be thinner
 
 
-## Yield before processing/drying/curing
+###Yield 
 
-Approx. 300 ml (make sure to evaporate a lot of water during cooking time)
+Before processing/drying/curing: approx. 200 ml
 
-## Method
+###Method
 
 1. **Preparation**
 
 	- Weigh your ingredients
-	- Prepare the mold and find a place where you can leave it for a while, ideally near an open window where there's air flow.
+	- Prepare the casting surface and find a place where you can leave it for a while, ideally near an open window where there's air flow.
 
 1. **Mixing and dissolving the ingredients**
 	- bring the water to the boil
-	- optional: add natural dye if you wish to use color
+	- optional: substitute part of the water with natural dye if you wish to use color
 	- add the glycerine
-	- add the gelatine
-	- keep the temperature below 80 degrees celcius while stirring *very very slowly and gently* to avoid making bubbles. I prefer a simple spoon to do this, not a whisk.
+	- add the agar
+	- bring the mixture to the boil while stirring gently, to dissolve the agar.
 
 1. **Cooking the ingredients**
 
-	- 	Simmer and slowly stir the mixture between 60-80 degrees celcius for at least 20 minutes or up to an hour. Turn it lower when bubbles appear: you don't want the liquid to move, don't boil it. This sample has some bubbles due to vigorous mixing.
-	-  Longer cooking time allows more water to evaporate. You will get a thicker liquid. To cast larger volumes and solids with this recipe, evaporate a lot of water, until it's very thick.
+	- when the agar is dissolve completely, lower the temperature to 60-80 degrees (make sure it doesn't bubble), and let it simmer and evaporate water for 40 mins while stirring slowly and continuously.
+	- the agar should have the consistency of a light syrup, you should be able to leave a "trace" with you trace your spoon across the pot.  
+	- If your mixture is thicker it will spread slowly resulting in a thicker foil, if it's more liquid, it will spread wider, resulting in a thinner foil. 
 	
 1. **Casting**
 
-	- 	Let the liquid cool for a couple minutes until it gels a little but is still liquid and pourable.
-	-  Cast into the mould slowly to avoid bubbles
-	-  Pour from the middle and hold still, let the liquid distribute itself.
-	-  Put the mould away to dry in a cool place with lots of air flow (like near an open window). A warmer place might speed up the drying process but also allow bacteria to grow faster and can result in fungal growth.
-	-  If the mould has a removable base, remove it after 4-8 hours and put the mould on its side to allow air flow from both sides. 
-	-  When using a flexible mould: let it dry without releasing to keep the form as much as possible. The resin will likely shrink and release itself from the mold. If it feels cold to the touch it is still drying. If you are using a rigid mold: release after 4-8 hours and dry flat.
+	-  Cast onto the surface
+	-  Pour from the middle and hold still, let the liquid distribute itself, it cures quickly if it is thick. 
 
+	
+###Drying/curing/growth process
 
-### Drying/curing/growth process
+Allow the foil to dry for a week for best results (or 3 days minimum). If you don't peel it off the surface it will shrink much less in width/length.
 
-- Mold depth:  				 7 cm (filled up until 2.5cm high)
-- Shrinkage thickness:      20-30 %
-- Shrinkage width/length:   20-30 %
+- Mold depth: 				1.5-2.5 mm
+- Shrinkage thickness       40-60 %
+- Shrinkage width/length    5-10% %
 
 **Shrinkage and deformation control**
 
-Letting it dry up to ten days to get to the final form. It will be flexible at first but will slowly harden until its totally rigid.
+Agar foil shrinks quite a lot, especially in thickness. The amount depends on the amount of water that has been evaporated/cooking time.  
 
 **Curing agents and release agents**
 
-None. 
+None
 
 **Minimum wait time before releasing from mold**
 
-Using a silicon mold: 7 days (or until it comes undone)
+3 days
 
 **Post-processing**
 
-Store in a dry and ventilated room.
+None, store dry and flat.
 
 **Further research needed on drying/curing/growth?**
 
-Casting larger volumes without growing fungus/mold, and limited warping can be challenging. Fillers like debris or egg shells can help. More research can be done on ideal conditions for drying larger volumes.
+Not sure
 
-The resin does not cure evenly across the surface, some might be negotiated by shaving off some slides while it is still relatively soft and flexible.
+###Process pictures
+![](../../images/agar3.jpg)*Dissolving the agar, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
+![](../../images/agar2.jpg)*Making a trace with the spoon, consistency of syrup, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-### Process
+![](../../images/agar5.jpg)*Filling up a mould with detachable botton, 2-3 mm filled, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-![](../../images/resin5a.jpg)*Evaporating water until the liquid is thick like honey, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-![](../../images/resin5.jpg)*Preparing molds for small half domes (egg cups), and a big slab (silicon mould and separate base), Loes Bogers, 2020*
+###Variations
 
-![](../../images/resin6.jpg)*Casting the resin (I had to put a weight on top to press the mold into the base and prevent leakage, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+- Substitute part of the water with a (neutral to alkaline) dye. The PH of the cooked agar mixture is about PH 9-10. Making the mixture very acidic changes the structure of the polysaccharide, resulting in a weaker more brittle bioplastic.
+- Add less glycerine for a more rigid, stiff foil 
+- Add fillers (debris, coffee waste) or fibres to make a composite, see also the [agar composite recipe](./agarcomposite.md)). 
 
-![](../../images/resin8.jpg)*Putting the mold on its side next to open window to allow further drying from top and bottom, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+##ORIGINS AND REFERENCES
 
+**Cultural origins of this recipe**
 
-## Variations on this recipe
+Legends say that agar was discovered in Japan in 1658 by Mino Tarōzaemon (美濃 太郎左衞門), an innkeeper in current Fushimi-ku, Kyoto. The story goes that he noticed that discarded seaweed soup he'd made had gelled after a winter night's freezing. 
 
-- Add a **natural colorant** such as a vegetable dye or water-based ink (e.g. hibiscus, beetroot, madder)
-- Add **less glycerine** for a more rigid foil
-- **Stiffeners** such as fibres, yarn or natural debris may be added for more structure and reinforcement.
-- **Fillers** such as almond or sunflower oil, can be added to prevent additional shrinkage but might affect stickyness.
+The word "agar" comes from *agar-agar*, the Malay name for red algae (Gigartina, Gracilaria) from which the jelly is produced. Agar is a common gelling agent, originally primarily in Asian cuisines, before traveling to other kitchens in the world. It is used to create jellies, jams and desserts, but also more generally as a binder, and clarifying agent in beer brewing. It is a stronger than gelatine.  
 
-### Cultural origins of this recipe
+In the late 19th century, its properties were found to be useful in microbiology and it became a popular medium for growing microbes because it has a higher melting point than gelatine media. 
 
-Bioplastic production is older than petrol based plastics. In 1500 BC, people in Egypt were already using glues based on gelatin, casein and albumin for furniture constructions. Gelatin casting as a technique has also been used in production of jelly-based foods such as aspic, jelly desserts and candy.
+Agar-based bioplastics are promising candidates for food packaging and have been used as packaging for dried goods and can be heat sealed (rather than glue sealed). Margarita Talep's packaging designs are a beautiful example. 
 
-**Needs further research?**   Not sure
+**On open-source bioplastics:** open-source documenting of how to make bioplastics with simple tools and locally available materials can be attributed to Miriam Ribul and her publication on *Material Activism* from 2014. Promoting collaborative production of alternatives for petroleum-based plastic, she demonstrated 20(!) known processes for material production using only 4 simple recipes. Juliette Pépin's visual research book on bioplastics (also from 2014), goes in depth into the sensory and visual aspects of simple recipes with many variations. Although bioplastics production is certainly a craft that is dispersed across many locations and times, leaving traces of many similar recipes behind, this type of cataloguing and sharing work is certainly indebted to these two pioneers.
 
-### References this recipe draws from
+**Needs further research?** Yes, on the history of uses of agar as a biopolymer and the people developing the processes for it.
 
-- **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
-- **The Bioplastics Cookbook: A Catalogue of Bioplastics Recipes** by Margaret Dunne for Fabtextiles, 2018, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3) 
+###Key Sources
 
-### Known concerns and contestations\*
+This is an adaptation of **Flexible bio-foil** by Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam for Fabricademy 2019-2020, Class pages, [link](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lm147nvWkxxmPf5Oh2wU5a8eonpqHCVc/view). A longer cooking time is recommended to create a thicker foil. 
 
-Needs further research
+###Copyright information
 
-Gelatin is an animal-based ingredient. Some might find it problematic to use resources that requires killing an animal because of religious or animal welfare beliefs. Arguments are also made that as long as there's a meat industry, it is better to use product from the entire animal, including skin and bones. Some might consider gelatin to be a product that comes from a waste stream, but this is considered controversial by others.
+The recipe by Raspanti above was published under an Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial licence.
 
-Acrylic (for the mold) is a petrol based plastic but results in very shiny foils and sheets and can be reused endlessly for casting high quality bioplastic sheets.
+##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
 
-Using renewable ingredients is not by definition petrol-free. Imagine they have to travel long distances by plane, boat or truck: it takes fuel. Also, the effects of GMO technologies and pesticides can be harmful to the environment and it's worth using knowing the source and production standards involved. If you can afford it, buying organic ingredients is a good starting point.
+In cooking, agar is known as the vegan and halal alternative to animal-based gelatine as it is obtained by boiling red algae into a gel. Although it is hailed as a renewable and vegan option to make bioplastics - you also need less grams of agar to create a solid compared to gelatine - its popularity as a medium in microbiology has already led to shortages and over-utilized seaweed populations in the past. It may be renewable, but it's not infinite.
 
-### Sustainability tags
+**Sustainability tags**
 
 - Renewable ingredients: yes
-- Vegan: no
-- Made of by-products or waste:  no
-- Biocompostable final product:  yes
-- Reuse: yes, by melting and recasting
+- Vegan: yes
+- Made of by-products or waste: no
+- Biocompostable final product:  yes, in 2-4 months
+- Re-use: yes, the agar can be melted by reheating it (with a little water if necessary)
 
-Needs further research?:  not sure
+Needs further research?:  Not sure
 
-Gelatine-based bioplastics can be recasted by melting them in a pot with some water. Recycling them with PET plastics contaminates the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow.
+Should not be recycled as part of PET-plastics waste: this causes contamination of the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow.
 
-## Material properties
+##PROPERTIES
 
-### Comparative qualities
-This resin is dense and rather heavy, but not rock hard like synthetic epoxy or cold like glass. It keeps certain level of bounciness to it.
-
-### Technical and sensory properties
-
-- **Strength**: strong
-- **Hardness**: rigid
+- **Strength**: medium
+- **Hardness**: flexible
 - **Transparency**: transparent
-- **Glossiness**: matt
-- **Weight**: heavy
+- **Glossiness**: glossy
+- **Weight**: medium
 - **Structure**: closed
-- **Texture**: medium
-- **Temperature**: medium
-- **Shape memory**: high
-- **Odor**: moderate in final product, high during production
-- **Stickiness**: low
-- **Weather resistance:** low
+- **Texture**: smooth
+- **Temperature**: cool
+- **Shape memory**: low
+- **Odor**: none
+- **Stickiness**: high
+- **Weather resistance:** needs further research
 - **Acoustic properties:** needs further research
 - **Anti-bacterial:** needs further research
-- **Non-allergenic:** needs further research
+- **Non-allergenic:** nneeds further research
 - **Electrical properties:** needs further research
-- **Heat resistance:** low
+- **Heat resistance:** medium
 - **Water resistance:** water resistant
 - **Chemical resistance:** needs further research
-- **Scratch resistance:** moderate
-- **Surface friction:** medium
-- **Color modifiers:** none 
-
+- **Scratch resistance:** poor
+- **Surface friction:** braking
+- **PH modifiers:** none 
 
-## About this entry
+##ABOUT
 
-### Maker(s) of this sample
+**Maker of this sample**
 
 - Name: Loes Bogers
 - Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
-- Location:  Rotterdam, the Netherlands
-- Date: 06-03-2020 – 16-03-2020
+- Location:  Amsterdam, the Netherlands
+- Date: 16-03-2020 – 24-03-2020
 
-### Environmental conditions
+**Environmental conditions**
 
+- Humidity:  40-50%
 - Outside temp:  5-11 degrees Celcius
 - Room temp:  18 – 22 degrees Celcius
 - PH tap water:  7-8
 
-### Recipe validation
-
-Has recipe been validated? Yes
-
-By Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
-
-### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
-
-2,56 Euros for a yield of approx 300 ml
-
-### Local supplier/sourcing info
-
-Gelatin powder - Jacob Hooy (online retailers)
-Glycerine 1.23 - Orphi/Chempropack (online retailers)
-Molds - Houseware stores, thrift shops
-
-## Copyright information
-
-### This recipe is in the public domain (CC0)
-
-Yes
-
-### This recipe was previously published by someone else
-
-Yes, in: **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
+**Recipe validation**
 
-##References
+Has recipe been validated? 
 
-- **The Secrets of Bioplastic** by Clara Davis (Fabtex, IAAC, Fab Lab Barcelona), 2017, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/the_secrets_of_bioplastic_).
-- **The Bioplastics Cookbook: A Catalogue of Bioplastics Recipes** by Margaret Dunne for Fabtextiles, 2018, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3)
-- **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
+Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
 
-## Images of final product
+**Images of the final sample**
 
-![](../../images/finalpics-29.jpg)*Bioresin slab, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/finalpics-80.jpg)*Agar foil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-![](../../images/finalpics-30.jpg)*Bioresin slab, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/finalpics-81.jpg)*Agar foil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-![](../../images/finalpics-37.jpg)*Bioresin slab and half dome, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/finalpics-82.jpg)*Agar foil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
+##REFERENCES
 
+- **Lab Staple Agar hit by Seaweed Shortage** by Ewen Callaway, in Nature, 528, 8 December 2015: [link](https://www.nature.com/news/lab-staple-agar-hit-by-seaweed-shortage-1.18970)
+- **Agar** on Wikipedia: [link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar)
+- **Agar biofoil** by Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam for Fabricademy 2019-2020, Class pages, [link](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lm147nvWkxxmPf5Oh2wU5a8eonpqHCVc/view). 
+- **Margarita Talep Algae Bioplastic Packaging Design** by Natashah Hitti for Dezeen, 18 January 2019: [link](https://www.dezeen.com/2019/01/18/margarita-talep-algae-bioplastic-packaging-design/)
+- **Desintegra.me** by Margarita Talep, 2017: [link](https://margaritatalep.com/Desintegra-me-desarrollo)
+- **Recipes for Material Activism** by Miriam Ribul, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/miriamribul/docs/miriam_ribul_recipes_for_material_a)
+- **Research Book Bioplastics** by Juliette Pepin, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/juliettepepin/docs/bookletbioplastic)

docs/files/recipes/alginateyarn.md

-# BIORESIN
-
-### Tactility & sound impression
-
-<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gNOtGunJc2A" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
-
-### Description
-
-A (naturally) amber-coloured hard bioresin, gelatin-based.
-
-### Physical form
-
-Solids
-
-Color without additives: transparent, yellow/orange/amber colored.
-
-### Fabrication time
-
-Preparation time: 1 Hour
-
-Processing time: 5-10 days
-
-Need attention: None, just leave it to dry as long as is feasible with lots of airflow.
-
-Final form achieved after: 10 days
-
-## Ingredients
-
-* **Gelatine powder - 96 gr**
-	* Functions as the polymeer (so it becomes a solid)
-* **Glycerine - 16 gr**
-	* Functions as plasticizer that bonds with the gelatine (makes it flexible). 
-* **Water - 480 ml/gr**
-	* To dissolve and mix the polymeer and plasticizer
-
-## Tools
-
-1. **Cooker or stove** (optional: temperature controlled)
-1. **Pot**
-1. **Scale**
-1. **Moulds** (ideally with removeable base to increase airflow). I have modular silicon walls with metal wire inside them that allow me to cast and then turn the moulds on their side for more airflow and drying from top and bottom. I use a silicon or acrylic sheet with these mould walls.
-1. **Spoon** 
-
-
-## Yield before processing/drying/curing
-
-Approx. 300 ml (make sure to evaporate a lot of water during cooking time)
-
-## Method
-
-1. **Preparation**
-
-	- Weigh your ingredients
-	- Prepare the mold and find a place where you can leave it for a while, ideally near an open window where there's air flow.
-
-1. **Mixing and dissolving the ingredients**
-	- bring the water to the boil
-	- optional: add natural dye if you wish to use color
-	- add the glycerine
-	- add the gelatine
-	- keep the temperature below 80 degrees celcius while stirring *very very slowly and gently* to avoid making bubbles. I prefer a simple spoon to do this, not a whisk.
-
-1. **Cooking the ingredients**
-
-	- 	Simmer and slowly stir the mixture between 60-80 degrees celcius for at least 20 minutes or up to an hour. Turn it lower when bubbles appear: you don't want the liquid to move, don't boil it. This sample has some bubbles due to vigorous mixing.
-	-  Longer cooking time allows more water to evaporate. You will get a thicker liquid. To cast larger volumes and solids with this recipe, evaporate a lot of water, until it's very thick.
-	
-1. **Casting**
-
-	- 	Let the liquid cool for a couple minutes until it gels a little but is still liquid and pourable.
-	-  Cast into the mould slowly to avoid bubbles
-	-  Pour from the middle and hold still, let the liquid distribute itself.
-	-  Put the mould away to dry in a cool place with lots of air flow (like near an open window). A warmer place might speed up the drying process but also allow bacteria to grow faster and can result in fungal growth.
-	-  If the mould has a removable base, remove it after 4-8 hours and put the mould on its side to allow air flow from both sides. 
-	-  When using a flexible mould: let it dry without releasing to keep the form as much as possible. The resin will likely shrink and release itself from the mold. If it feels cold to the touch it is still drying. If you are using a rigid mold: release after 4-8 hours and dry flat.
-
-
-### Drying/curing/growth process
-
-- Mold depth:  				 7 cm (filled up until 2.5cm high)
-- Shrinkage thickness:      20-30 %
-- Shrinkage width/length:   20-30 %
-
-**Shrinkage and deformation control**
-
-Letting it dry up to ten days to get to the final form. It will be flexible at first but will slowly harden until its totally rigid.
-
-**Curing agents and release agents**
-
-None. 
-
-**Minimum wait time before releasing from mold**
-
-Using a silicon mold: 7 days (or until it comes undone)
-
-**Post-processing**
-
-Store in a dry and ventilated room.
-
-**Further research needed on drying/curing/growth?**
-
-Casting larger volumes without growing fungus/mold, and limited warping can be challenging. Fillers like debris or egg shells can help. More research can be done on ideal conditions for drying larger volumes.
-
-The resin does not cure evenly across the surface, some might be negotiated by shaving off some slides while it is still relatively soft and flexible.
-
-
-### Process
-
-![](../../images/resin5a.jpg)*Evaporating water until the liquid is thick like honey, Loes Bogers, 2020*
-
-![](../../images/resin5.jpg)*Preparing molds for small half domes (egg cups), and a big slab (silicon mould and separate base), Loes Bogers, 2020*
-
-![](../../images/resin6.jpg)*Casting the resin (I had to put a weight on top to press the mold into the base and prevent leakage, Loes Bogers, 2020*
-
-![](../../images/resin8.jpg)*Putting the mold on its side next to open window to allow further drying from top and bottom, Loes Bogers, 2020*
-
-
-## Variations on this recipe
-
-- Add a **natural colorant** such as a vegetable dye or water-based ink (e.g. hibiscus, beetroot, madder)
-- Add **less glycerine** for a more rigid foil
-- **Stiffeners** such as fibres, yarn or natural debris may be added for more structure and reinforcement.
-- **Fillers** such as almond or sunflower oil, can be added to prevent additional shrinkage but might affect stickyness.
-
-### Cultural origins of this recipe
-
-Bioplastic production is older than petrol based plastics. In 1500 BC, people in Egypt were already using glues based on gelatin, casein and albumin for furniture constructions. Gelatin casting as a technique has also been used in production of jelly-based foods such as aspic, jelly desserts and candy.
-
-**Needs further research?**   Not sure
-
-### References this recipe draws from
-
-- **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
-- **The Bioplastics Cookbook: A Catalogue of Bioplastics Recipes** by Margaret Dunne for Fabtextiles, 2018, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3) 
-
-### Known concerns and contestations\*
-
-Needs further research
-
-Gelatin is an animal-based ingredient. Some might find it problematic to use resources that requires killing an animal because of religious or animal welfare beliefs. Arguments are also made that as long as there's a meat industry, it is better to use product from the entire animal, including skin and bones. Some might consider gelatin to be a product that comes from a waste stream, but this is considered controversial by others.
-
-Acrylic (for the mold) is a petrol based plastic but results in very shiny foils and sheets and can be reused endlessly for casting high quality bioplastic sheets.
-
-Using renewable ingredients is not by definition petrol-free. Imagine they have to travel long distances by plane, boat or truck: it takes fuel. Also, the effects of GMO technologies and pesticides can be harmful to the environment and it's worth using knowing the source and production standards involved. If you can afford it, buying organic ingredients is a good starting point.
-
-### Sustainability tags
-
-- Renewable ingredients: yes
-- Vegan: no
-- Made of by-products or waste:  no
-- Biocompostable final product:  yes
-- Reuse: yes, by melting and recasting
-
-Needs further research?:  not sure
-
-Gelatine-based bioplastics can be recasted by melting them in a pot with some water. Recycling them with PET plastics contaminates the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow.
-
-## Material properties
-
-### Comparative qualities
-This resin is dense and rather heavy, but not rock hard like synthetic epoxy or cold like glass. It keeps certain level of bounciness to it.
-
-### Technical and sensory properties
-
-- **Strength**: strong
-- **Hardness**: rigid
-- **Transparency**: transparent
-- **Glossiness**: matt
-- **Weight**: heavy
-- **Structure**: closed
-- **Texture**: medium
-- **Temperature**: medium
-- **Shape memory**: high
-- **Odor**: moderate in final product, high during production
-- **Stickiness**: low
-- **Weather resistance:** low
-- **Acoustic properties:** needs further research
-- **Anti-bacterial:** needs further research
-- **Non-allergenic:** needs further research
-- **Electrical properties:** needs further research
-- **Heat resistance:** low
-- **Water resistance:** water resistant
-- **Chemical resistance:** needs further research
-- **Scratch resistance:** moderate
-- **Surface friction:** medium
-- **Color modifiers:** none 
-
-
-## About this entry
-
-### Maker(s) of this sample
-
-- Name: Loes Bogers
-- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
-- Location:  Rotterdam, the Netherlands
-- Date: 06-03-2020 – 16-03-2020
-
-### Environmental conditions
-
-- Outside temp:  5-11 degrees Celcius
-- Room temp:  18 – 22 degrees Celcius
-- PH tap water:  7-8
-
-### Recipe validation
-
-Has recipe been validated? Yes
-
-By Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
-
-### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
-
-2,56 Euros for a yield of approx 300 ml
-
-### Local supplier/sourcing info
-
-Gelatin powder - Jacob Hooy (online retailers)
-Glycerine 1.23 - Orphi/Chempropack (online retailers)
-Molds - Houseware stores, thrift shops
-
-## Copyright information
-
-### This recipe is in the public domain (CC0)
-
-Yes
-
-### This recipe was previously published by someone else
-
-Yes, in: **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
-
-##References
-
-- **The Secrets of Bioplastic** by Clara Davis (Fabtex, IAAC, Fab Lab Barcelona), 2017, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/the_secrets_of_bioplastic_).
-- **The Bioplastics Cookbook: A Catalogue of Bioplastics Recipes** by Margaret Dunne for Fabtextiles, 2018, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3)
-- **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
-
-## Images of final product
-
-![](../../images/finalpics-29.jpg)*Bioresin slab, Loes Bogers, 2020*
-
-![](../../images/finalpics-30.jpg)*Bioresin slab, Loes Bogers, 2020*
-
-![](../../images/finalpics-37.jpg)*Bioresin slab and half dome, Loes Bogers, 2020*
-
-

docs/files/recipes/bananaclay.md

+# CLAY FROM BANANA PEELS
+
+<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/96nT6wQYAoI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
+
+
+##GENERAL INFORMATION
+
+A fibrous, clay-like material made from banana peels. Although technically this might be considered a polymeer, the look and feel of this material is clay like and has a rough surface: like a clay with fibres added to it. It smells very strong during cooking, much less after drying. It smells and feels a little similar to rubber, maybe slightly earthier. 
+
+**Physical form**
+
+Surfaces 
+
+Color without additives: dark brown
+
+**Fabrication time**
+
+Preparation time: 3 hours
+
+Processing time: 1 week
+
+Need attention: every day to alternate pressing and drying
+
+Final form achieved after: 1 week
+
+**Estimated cost (consumables)**
+
+0,10 Euros, for a yield of one slab of approx. 10 x 10cm, 2 mm thick.
+
+##RECIPE
+
+###Ingredients
+
+* **banana peels - 7 pcs** stems chopped off, you can dry them while collectinga batch. Once boiled they get sticky. The starch is the polymer, the fibres give strength to the material. 
+* **white vinegar - 50 ml**
+* **1 tbsp soda ash** (sodium carbonate Na2CO3), to rinse and break down the banana peel
+* **white vinegar (part two) - 30 ml**
+* **glycerine - 15 gr** plasticizer (to make it more flexible)
+
+
+###Tools
+
+1. **Oven**
+1. **A blender**
+1. **A knife**
+1. **A pot**
+1. **A strainer**
+1. **A cheescloth or a clean towel**
+1. **A stack of books for pressing**
+1. **A flat surface**
+1. Optional: baking paper and a rolling pin
+1. Optional: moulds
+
+
+###Yield
+
+Approx. 75 grams (when wet)
+
+###Method
+
+1. **Preparing the banana peels**
+	- Cut off the stems, they're hard to puree as finely as the peel
+	- Cut the peels into smaller pieces (you can also use them as a whole, this will be harder to puree but give you a rougher finish with visible fibres)
+	- Boil in water with 50 ml vinegar and soda ash for about 30 minutes or until totally soft. The smell will be very strong and the banana peels will be very sticky. 
+
+1. **Puree and rest**	
+	- strain the banana peels but keep some of the liquid. 
+	- puree them in a blender with a bit of of the cooking liquid
+	- put the puree in a bowl of cold water, add 30 ml of vinegar and leave to soak for 2 hours. 
+
+1. **Straining**
+	- strain the puree in a strainer, puree again if it's still very rough
+	- then put in a cheesecloth or towel and press the majority of the water out.
+	- mix in the glycerine
+	- put it on a surface and flatten it (with a rolling pin, or with your hands). 
+
+1. **Baking the clay**
+	- put the clay in the oven for 30 mins at 130 degrees Celcius
+
+1. **Air drying the slab (min. 3 days)**
+	- Keep it pressed under heavy objects (like books) for a couple hours or overnight, right after the oven time 
+	- Then leave to air dry for at least 3 days, alternate drying and pressing with a stack of books every few hours
+	- Trim fraying edges with scissors before the slab is completely dry and hard. 
+
+
+###Drying/curing/growth process
+
+The pressing after oven time and air drying phase of at least three days is crucial here. The slab will still be very moist after the oven time. It will be fragile when you take it out but gets a lot stronger as it air dries. 
+
+- Mold depth (surfaces and solids) or diameter (strings):  5 mm
+- Shrinkage thickness       30-50 %
+- Shrinkage width/length    20-30 %
+
+**Shrinkage and deformation control**
+
+The slab doesn't shrink so much but it deforms a lot if you don't keep it pressed well before oven time and during the air drying phase. 
+
+**Curing agents and release agents**
+
+None
+
+**Minimum wait time before releasing from mold**
+
+3 days
+
+**Post-processing**
+
+Keep an eye on it (even after a week). If it continues to curl up, keep it pressed for longer. 
+
+**Further research needed on drying/curing/growth?**
+
+Not sure, the function of the vinegar and soda ash is not entirely clear and could be further reserached. 
+
+###Process picures
+
+![](../../images/bananaclay3.jpg)*Collecting banana peels, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/bananaclay1.jpg)*Boiling the peels with vinegar and soda ash (it's better to chop them first to help shorten the fibres), Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/bananaclay2.jpg)*Soaking the blended peels in cold water with vinegar for 2 hours, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/bananaclay8.jpg)*Straining, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/bananaclay4.jpg)*Squeezing the liquid out, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/bananaclay6.jpg)*Blending again with some glycerine, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/bananaclay9.jpg)*Pressing the clay into a mould for baking, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/bananaclay5.jpg)*The top after pressing and baking, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/bananaclay7.jpg)*The bottom after pressing and baking, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+**For reference**
+
+This is what the clay looks like if you do chop the banana peels into pieces before boiling: much finer, no visible fibres. 
+
+![](../../images/bananav2_0.JPG)*Chopped peels boiling, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/bananav21.jpg)*Squeezing the liquid out of the paste after soaking, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/bananav22.jpg)*Clay where the banana peels have been chopped before boiling, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/bananav25.jpg)*Clay where the banana peels have been chopped before boiling, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/bananav26.jpg)*Clay where the banana peels have been chopped before boiling, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/bananav210.jpg)*Clay where the banana peels have been chopped before boiling, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/bananav214.jpg)*Clay where the banana peels have been chopped before boiling, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+
+###Variations
+
+- Use a 3D mould for to make 3D objects
+- Make thicker slabs - or thinner
+- Add less glycerine for more rigid slabs, more for flexibility
+- Add in other biomass fillers (like egg shell powder, coffee grinds etc). 
+- Add co-polymer like cornstarch, it has been suggested that adding 4% cornstarch to the total weight of banana peel starch increases the tensile strength of the material (see also Sultan and Johari's article listed below).
+- Others have spread the paste thinly onto a ceramic tile (substitute with a pizza stone perhaps?) and then baked. This would require processing the fibres into a finer paste. 
+- Research the use of **sorbitol** (an artificial sweetener made from potatoes or fruit) as a *plasticizer* to replace the glycerol. It is suggested to create different properties in the materials. 
+
+##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
+
+**Cultural origins of this recipe**
+
+Unlike the fibres and starches in peels used here, the *fibres of banana plants* have a long history of being used to produce textiles. This banana textile crafts and industry is said to have developed first in the Phillipines, a country with a longstanding banana industry and banana textile crafts history. Especially the inner part of the banana bark is a desirable fibre that can be transformed into silk-like alternatives. The outer part of the bark results in rougher fibres and is commonly used to produce mats, ropes, or bags. India and other countries in Asia with large banana production facilities also produce banana fibres for textile. 
+
+This recipe departs from that heritage however, in that it doesn't use the fibres taken from the plant itself, but reuses the waste of the edible fruits of the plants: the peels. The main ingredient here is a waste product from the food industry. As such it is tied to other bioplastics made from biomass and food waste that have become increasingly popular in materials engineering and e.g. industrial design in recent years, and less related to the production of banana silk. Through a process of polymerization, the starch and the fibres in the peels are softened, pureed, formed and dried. It is technically a plastic, but has aesthetic properties that resemble clay. Recipes for polymerization with banana peels have gained attention in the last few years, mostly in academia, with recipes popping up in fields of engineering, design and crafts and even construction (banana peel powder can strengthen concrete for example). Some prominent references are listed below. 
+
+**On open-source bioplastics:** open-source documenting of how to make bioplastics with simple tools and locally available materials can be attributed to Miriam Ribul and her publication on *Material Activism* from 2014. Promoting collaborative production of alternatives for petroleum-based plastic, she demonstrated 20(!) known processes for material production using only 4 simple recipes. Juliette Pépin's visual research book on bioplastics (also from 2014), goes in depth into the sensory and visual aspects of simple recipes with many variations. Although bioplastics production is certainly a craft that is dispersed across many locations and times, leaving traces of many similar recipes behind, this type of cataloguing and sharing work is certainly indebted to these two pioneers.
+
+**Needs further research?** Yes
+
+The use of banana peels as a resource is less well documented than that of the fibres of banana plants. Its origins could be further researched. The process, using soda ash and vinegar and its functions could be researched further. 
+
+###Key Sources
+
+- **Banana Bioplastic** by Mattia Massetti (Sperim Design) on Youtube, 20 November 2018: [link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ielBPntT5W8)
+
+and to a lesser extent the articles mentioned under "references".
+
+###Copyright information 
+
+It is unclear what kind of copyrights apply, further research is required.
+
+##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
+
+In order for bananas (and their peels) to arrive to say, Europe they will have inevitably travels many many miles. The fact that they can be shipped while still unripe, and continue to ripen - for consumption - allows them to be transported by sea rather than air, which is seen as an advantage. As fruit waste is huge in affluent countries, there's likely to also be a lot of banana waste (further research needed), and peels may be acquired from businesses that process bananas at a large scale. One might still wonder whether the consumption exotic fruits should be reduced. 
+
+That said, agricultural production is not always done sustainably, and synthetic pesticides and/or harsh labour conditions can be issues anywhere in the world, whether a product is made from biomass, and/or food waste or not. The entire chain deserves our attention. 
+
+**Sustainability tags**
+
+- Renewable ingredients: yes
+- Vegan: yes
+- Made of by-products or waste:  yes
+- Biocompostable final product:  yes
+- Re-use: needs further research but likely can be shredded and processed again and again. 
+
+Needs further research?:  Yes, on reusability
+
+Should not be recycled as part of PET-plastics waste: this causes contamination of the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow.
+
+##PROPERTIES
+
+- **Strength**: strong
+- **Hardness**: resilient
+- **Transparency**: opaque
+- **Glossiness**: matt
+- **Weight**: light
+- **Structure**: closed
+- **Texture**: rough
+- **Temperature**: medium
+- **Shape memory**: high
+- **Odor**: strong (a bit rubbery, less strong after drying)
+- **Stickiness**: low
+- **Weather resistance:** needs further research
+- **Acoustic properties:** absorbing
+- **Anti-bacterial:** needs further research
+- **Non-allergenic:** needs further research
+- **Electrical properties:** needs further research
+- **Heat resistance:** high
+- **Water resistance:** high 
+- **Chemical resistance:** needs further research
+- **Scratch resistance:** high
+- **Surface friction:** medium
+- **Color modifiers:** none 
+
+##ABOUT
+
+**Maker(s) of this sample**
+
+- Name: Loes Bogers
+- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
+- Location:  Amsterdam, the Netherlands
+- Date: 29-03-2020 - 05-04-2020
+
+**Environmental conditions**
+
+- Humidity:  40-50%
+- Outside temp:  11-15 degrees Celcius
+- Room temp:  18-22 degrees Celcius
+- PH tap water:  7-8
+
+**Recipe validation**
+
+Has recipe been validated? Not yet. 
+
+**Images of the final sample**
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-188.jpg)*Banana peel clay (not cut before cooking), Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-189.jpg)*Banana peel clay (not cut before cooking), Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-190.jpg)*Banana peel clay (not cut before cooking), Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-196.jpg)*Banana peel clay (cut before cooking), much finer texture, visible no fibres, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+
+##REFERENCES
+
+- **Bio-plastic (Generating Plastic From Banana Peels)** by Manasi Ghamande et.al. International Conference on New Frontiers of Engineering, Management, Social Sciences and Humanities in Pune, India, 25 February 2018: [link](https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjDy9Pv89PoAhXBwKQKHTxcDR0QFjACegQIEBAH&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.conferenceworld.in%2F25FebEMSSH%2F9.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2L2gr8pv0lwNsD1ghDL7_4)
+- **The Development of Banana Peel/Corn starch Bioplastic film: a Preliminary Study** by Noor Fatimah Kader Sultan and Wan Lutfi Wan Johari in Bioremediation Science & Technology Research, Vol. 5, Nr 1, 2017: [link](https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjJ7PHx89PoAhVQC-wKHcV7CIUQFjADegQIARAV&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Fd946%2Fffca5aa145cbcf1b9606198a3fe02342a9d1.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2fRKlJy9B8P7SB5J6VvF94) 
+- **Production of Bioplastic from Banana Peels** by M.R. Gaonkar, Prashant Palaskar and Rishikesh Navandar in: Proceedings of the IIER International Conference, Hong Kong, 27-28 December 2017: [link](http://www.worldresearchlibrary.org/up_proc/pdf/1279-15182346031-3.pdf)
+- **Banana Bioplastic** by Mattia Massetti (Sperim Design) on Youtube, 20 November 2018: [link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ielBPntT5W8)
+- **Banana Fibre Extraction, Processing, Yarn Spinning & Weaving**, by Textile TV on Youtube, 9 August 2018: [link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-SrWSfH3lw) 
+- **What is Banana Fabric? Properties, How It's Made and Where** by Boris Hodakel for Sewport, 6 April 2020: [link](https://sewport.com/fabrics-directory/banana-fabric)
+- **Are Bananas the new Building Material?** by Construction Manager Magazine, 12 October 2017: [link](http://www.constructionmanagermagazine.com/insight/arup-predicts-bananas-and-potatoes-will-be-used-bu/)
+- **Analysis of Properties of Concrete Using Dried Banana Peel Powder as Admixture** by Vishal Gadgihalli, Sindhu Shankar, S.C. Sharma, P. Dinakar in International Journal of Research Granthaalayah, 5(11), November 2017: pp. 351-354: [link](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323308261_ANALYSIS_OF_PROPERTIES_OF_CONCRETE_USING_DRIED_BANANA_PEEL_POWDER_AS_ADMIXTURE)
+- **Recipes for Material Activism** by Miriam Ribul, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/miriamribul/docs/miriam_ribul_recipes_for_material_a)
+- **Research Book Bioplastics** by Juliette Pepin, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/juliettepepin/docs/bookletbioplastic)
+
+

docs/files/recipes/biofoam.md

-# BIOFOAM (surface, solid)
-
-
-### Tactility & sound impression
+# BIOFOAM
 
 <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zF549LrD2Nc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
 
-### Description
+##GENERAL INFORMATION
+
+A thin, textured sheet, and half domes of foamy, flexible bioplastic. Gelatine-based. The biofoam feels like the foam-like packaging materials sometimes used for shipping fragile goods or thick foamy kitchen cloth. It feels colder to the touch and is slightly stickier. The upside shows visible bubbles, but the mold-facing side feels very smooth if the mold had a smooth surface. It somewhat keeps the smell of the dishwashing liquid and smells less like wet dog than other gelatin-based bioplastics.
 
-A thin, textured sheet, and half domes of foamy, flexible bioplastic. Gelatine-based.
+The foam half domes are more rigid when completely dried, but still allow for some squeezing and feel foamy.
 
-### Physical form
+**Physical form**
 
 Surfaces, Solids
 
-### Fabrication time
+**Fabrication time**
 
 Preparation time: 1 Hour
 
@@ -23,7 +22,13 @@ Need attention: after 3 days to demold, and keep pressed. After another 2 days t
 
 Final form achieved after: 1 week
 
-## Ingredients
+**Estimated cost (consumables)**
+
+0,50 Euros for a yield of approx 150 ml
+
+##RECIPE
+
+###Ingredients
 
 * **Gelatine powder - 12 gr**
 	* Functions as the polymeer (makes it hard)
@@ -34,8 +39,7 @@ Final form achieved after: 1 week
 * **Dishwashing soap (organic) - 1 tsp**
 	* Is the expanding agent that makes the mixture foamy
 
-
-## Tools
+###Tools
 
 1. **Cooker or stove** (optional: temperature controlled)
 1. **Pot**
@@ -45,12 +49,11 @@ Final form achieved after: 1 week
 1. **Lego sheet** (or other textured surface)
 1. **Egg holders** (or other mold), these came with my fridge
 
-
-## Yield before processing/drying/curing
+###Yield
 
 Approx. 150 ml
 
-## Method
+###Method
 
 1. **Preparation**
 
@@ -76,14 +79,13 @@ Approx. 150 ml
 	-  The material will shrink a lot so make the layer thicker than you want the end result to be.
 	-  Let it dry for 48-72 hours at least before releasing
 
-
 ### Drying/curing/growth process
 
 Peel it off the mold after 48-72 hours. The foam should not feel cold to the touch, then it's still drying. Pinch off the more fragile sides first to create some grip. Then pull it off carefully, pulling upwards.
 
 - Mold depth:  3 mm
 - Shrinkage thickness:       30-50 %
-- Shrinkage width/length:    0-10 %
+- Shrinkage width/length:    5-10 %
 
 **Shrinkage and deformation control**
 
@@ -113,8 +115,7 @@ Store flat in a dry and ventilated room.
 
 Yes. Casting solids or smooth surface might require a different process to prevent deformation.
 
-
-### Process
+###Process pictures
 
 ![](../../images/final_biofoam_mixing.jpg)*Mixing the ingredients at 80 degrees, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
@@ -128,26 +129,41 @@ Yes. Casting solids or smooth surface might require a different process to preve
 
 ![](../../images/final_biofoam_pressing.jpg)*Pressing the sheet underneath some books to keep it flat, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-## Variations on this recipe
+###Variations
 
 - Add a **natural colorant** such as a vegetable dye or water-based ink (e.g. hibiscus, beetroot, madder)
 - Add **less glycerine** for a rigid foam, add more for a flexible foam (up to 1 part glycerine, 1 part gelatine and a dash of water)
 - **Stiffeners** such as fibres or natural debris may be added for more structure and reinforcement.
 - **Fillers** such as almond or sunflower oil, chalk or egg shells can be added to prevent additional shrinkage.
+- Soaking the foam model in water for 2 hours and then letting it dry again makes it firmer. First it expands, then it shrinks again and gets quite rigid. 
+
+##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
+
+**Cultural origins of this recipe**
+
+Bioplastic production is older than petrol-based plastics. In 1500 BC, people in Egypt were already using glues based on gelatin, casein and albumin for furniture constructions. Gelatin casting as a technique has also been used in production of jelly-based foods such as aspic, jelly desserts and candy.
+
+Plastics are man-made polymers that can be produced with petrol-based compounds but also bio-mass. The process to create them is called *polymerization*, or the chemical reaction to form polymer chains or networks. In 1862 Alexander Parkes presented Parkesine (now celluloid, an organic thermoformable material made from cellulose). In 1907, Bakelite was introduced by chemist Leo Hendrik Baekland. Bakelite is an electrical insulator and was used in electrical appliances, once formed, it could not be melted. Baekland coined the term "plastics" to describe a new category of materials. PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride was patented in 1914 (around the same time cellophane was discovered). The use of petroleum was easier and cheaper to obtain and process than raw materials like wood, glass and metal and gained in popularity after World War II. More plastics were invented and became mainstream in the 1960s thanks to its ease and low cost of production. High tech plastics continued to be developed for health care and technology since the 1970s. 
 
-### Cultural origins of this recipe
+In short: not all plastics are petrol-based. Henry Ford experimented with plastics made from soya beans as early as 1941. Common plastics like celluloid and PLA - are also biobased but are not necessarliy better in terms of reducing pollution: The time and conditions they require to decompose and be reabsorbed in nature are crucial in determining how sustainable plastics are. 
 
-Bioplastic production is older than petrol based plastics. In 1500 BC, people in Egypt were already using glues based on gelatin, casein and albumin for furniture constructions. Gelatin casting as a technique has also been used in production of jelly-based foods such as aspic, jelly desserts and candy.
+**On open-source bioplastics:** open-source documenting of how to make bioplastics with simple tools and locally available materials can be attributed to Miriam Ribul and her publication on *Material Activism* from 2014. Promoting collaborative production of alternatives for petroleum-based plastic, she demonstrated 20(!) known processes for material production using only 4 simple recipes. Juliette Pépin's visual research book on bioplastics (also from 2014), goes in depth into the sensory and visual aspects of simple recipes with many variations. Although bioplastics production is certainly a craft that is dispersed across many locations and times, leaving traces of many similar recipes behind, this type of cataloguing and sharing work is certainly indebted to these two pioneers.
 
 **Needs further research?**   Not sure
 
-### References this recipe draws from
+###Key Sources
 
-- **Biofoam Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
-- **Biofoam Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), biofoam sample from the material archive, n.d.
-- **The Secrets of Bioplastic** by Clara Davis (Fabtex, IAAC, Fab Lab Barcelona), 2017, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/the_secrets_of_bioplastic_).
+- **Biofoam Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (TextileLab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating Materials", 2017-2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
+- **Biofoam Recipe** by Maria Viftrup (TextileLab, Waag), biofoam sample from the material archive, 2017.
+- **The Secrets of Bioplastic** by Clara Davis (Fabtextiles, IAAC, Fab Lab Barcelona), February 2017, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/the_secrets_of_bioplastic_).
 
-### Known concerns and contestations\*
+###Copyright information 
+
+Raspanti & Viftrup's recipes are published under an Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial licence.
+
+Copyright or licence on Davis' work is unclear, further research required. 
+
+##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
 
 Needs further research
 
@@ -155,32 +171,23 @@ Gelatin is an animal-based ingredient. Some might find it problematic to use res
 
 Using renewable ingredients is not by definition petrol-free. Imagine they have to travel long distances by plane, boat or truck: it takes fuel. Also, the effects of GMO technologies and pesticides can be harmful to the environment and it's worth using knowing the source and production standards involved. If you can afford it, buying organic ingredients is a good starting point.
 
-
-### Sustainability tags
+**Sustainability tags**
 
 - Renewable ingredients: yes
 - Vegan: no
 - Made of by-products or waste:  no
-- Biocompostable final product:  yes
+- Biocompostable final product:  yes, but only professionally (home composting of animal-based materials is not allowed in the EU)
 - Re-use: melt with heat and a splash of water, and recast
 
-Gelatine-based bioplastics can be recasted by melting them in a pot with some water. Recycling them with PET plastics contaminates the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow.
+Gelatine-based bioplastics can be recasted by melting them in a pot with some water. Should not be recycled as part of PET-plastics waste: this causes contamination of the waste stream. 
 
 Needs further research?:  not sure
 
-## Material properties
-
-### Comparative qualities
+##PROPERTIES
 
-The biofoam feels like the foam-like packaging materials sometimes used for shipping fragile goods or thick foamy kitchen cloth. It feels colder to the touch and is slightly stickier. The upside shows visible bubbles, but the mold-facing side feels very smooth if the mold had a smooth surface. It somewhat keeps the smell of the dishwashing liquid and smells less like wet dog than other gelatin-based bioplastics.
-
-The foam half domes are more rigid when completely dried, but still allow for some squeezing and feel foamy.
-
-### Technical and sensory properties
-
-- **Strength**: medium
-- **Hardness**: flexible
-- **Transparency**: translucent
+- **Strength**: variable (can be quite strong, depending on thickness and curing time)
+- **Hardness**: medium/variable (depends on thickness, curing time and amount of glycerine)
+- **Transparency**: opaque
 - **Glossiness**: satin
 - **Weight**: light
 - **Structure**: closed
@@ -201,60 +208,29 @@ The foam half domes are more rigid when completely dried, but still allow for so
 - **Surface friction:** sliding
 - **Color modifiers:** none 
 
-## About this entry
+##ABOUT
 
-### Maker(s) of this sample
+**Maker(s) of this sample**
 
 - Name: Loes Bogers
 - Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
 - Location:  Amsterdam, the Netherlands
 - Date: 19-02-2020 – 26-02-2020
 
-### Environmental conditions
+**Environmental conditions**
 
-- Humidity:  not sure
+- Humidity:  40-50%
 - Outside temp:  5-11 degrees Celcius
 - Room temp:  18 – 22 degrees Celcius
 - PH tap water:  7-8
 
-### Recipe validation
-
-Has recipe been validated? Yes
-
-By Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
-
-### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
-
-0,50 Euros for a yield of approx 150 ml
-
-### Local supplier/sourcing info
-
-Gelatin powder - Jacob Hooy (online retailers)
-Glycerine 1.23 - Orphi/Chempropack (online retailers)
-Eco dishwasing soap - any (eco)supermarket
-Lego sheet - second hand/flea market/thrift shop
+**Recipe validation**
 
-## Copyright information
+Has recipe been validated? Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
 
-### This recipe is in the public domain (CC0)
+**Images of the final sample**
 
-No
-
-### This recipe was previously published by someone else
-
-No
-
-##References
-
-- **The Secrets of Bioplastic** by Clara Davis (Fabtex, IAAC, Fab Lab Barcelona), 2017, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/the_secrets_of_bioplastic_).
-- **The Bioplastics Cookbook** by Fab Textiles Lab, YYYY, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3)
-- **Biofoam Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam), biofoam sample from the material archive, n.d.
-- **Biofoam (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
-
-
-## Images of final product
-
-![](../../images/finalpics-16_foam.jpg)*Biofoam (gelatin-based), Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/finalpics-16_foam_GOOD.jpg)*Biofoam (gelatin-based), Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
 ![](../../images/finalpics-17_foam.jpg)*Biofoam (gelatin-based), Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
@@ -263,3 +239,16 @@ No
 ![](../../images/finalpics-26_foam.jpg)*Biofoam (gelatin-based), Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
 
+##REFERENCES
+
+- **Biofoam Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (TextileLab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating Materials", 2017-2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
+- **Biofoam Recipe** by Maria Viftrup (TextileLab, Waag), biofoam sample from the material archive, 2017.
+- **The Secrets of Bioplastic** by Clara Davis (Fabtextiles, IAAC, Fab Lab Barcelona), 2017, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/the_secrets_of_bioplastic_).
+- **Lifecycle of a Plastic Product** by American Chemistry Council, n.d. [link](https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Lifecycle-of-a-Plastic-Product/)
+- **Polymerization**, on Wikipedia, n.d.: [link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization)
+- **Seaweeds can be a new source of bioplastics** by Rajendran, N, Sharanya Puppala, Sneha Raj M., Ruth Angeeleena B., and Rajam, C. in Journal of Pharmacy Research, 12 March 2012: [link](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258495452_Seaweeds_can_be_a_new_source_for_bioplastics)
+- **The Bioplastics Cookbook: A Catalogue of Bioplastics Recipes** by Margaret Dunne for Fabtextiles, 2018, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3)
+- **Recipes for Material Activism** by Miriam Ribul, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/miriamribul/docs/miriam_ribul_recipes_for_material_a)
+- **Research Book Bioplastics** by Juliette Pepin, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/juliettepepin/docs/bookletbioplastic)
+
+

docs/files/recipes/biofoilextraflexible.md

 # BIOFOIL EXTRA FLEXIBLE
 
-### Tactility & sound impression
-
 <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5ayE8BSSaj8" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
 
 <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/olMNIg67vFQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
 
-### Description
+##GENERAL INFORMATION
 
-A transparent, glossy and very flexible sheet of gelatine-based bioplastic. Slightly sticky.
+A transparent, glossy and very flexible sheet of gelatine-based bioplastic. Slightly sticky. This foil is thick and strong and completely transparent, a bit like the PVC table cloths some people may have on their kitchen table to protect the woord from staining (also used for PVC clothing of course). I would describe it more like a protective plastic than a packaging material for example. 
 
-### Physical form
+**Physical form**
 
 Surface
 
 Color without additives: transparent, slightly yellow where thicker 
 
-### Fabrication time
+**Fabrication time**
 
 Preparation time: 1 Hour
 
@@ -26,7 +24,13 @@ Need attention: None, just leave it to dry as long as is feasible.
 
 Final form achieved after: 1 week
 
-## Ingredients
+**Estimated cost (consumables)**
+
+0,78 Euros for a yield of approx 200 ml
+
+##RECIPE
+
+###Ingredients
 
 * **Gelatine powder - 24 gr**
 	* Functions as the polymeer (so it becomes a solid)
@@ -35,7 +39,7 @@ Final form achieved after: 1 week
 * **Water - 200 ml/gr**
 	* To dissolve and mix the polymeer and plasticizer
 
-## Tools
+###Tools
 
 1. **Cooker or stove** (optional: temperature controlled)
 1. **Pot**
@@ -44,11 +48,11 @@ Final form achieved after: 1 week
 1. **Spoon** 
 
 
-## Yield before processing/drying/curing
+###Yield
 
-Approx. 200 ml
+Approx. 200 ml before drying/processng
 
-## Method
+###Method
 
 1. **Preparation**
 
@@ -66,6 +70,7 @@ Approx. 200 ml
 
 	- 	Simmer and slowly stir the mixture between 60-80 degrees celcius for 20 minutes. I turn it lower when I get bubbles. You don't want the liquid to move, don't boil it.
 	-  Longer cooking time allows more water to evaporate. You will get a thicker, more syruppy liquid that spreads slower: resulting in a thicker sheet. 
+	-  Optional: if you have access to one: use a **vibrating table** or a **vacuum chamber** to allow bubbles to come to the surface and pop, so you don't have bubbles in your plastic. 
 
 1. **Casting**
 
@@ -75,12 +80,12 @@ Approx. 200 ml
 	-  Let it dry for 48-72 hours at least before releasing. If it feels cold to the touch it is still drying. Patience pays off with these sheets
 
 
-### Drying/curing/growth process
+###Drying/curing/growth process
 
 Peel it off the mold after 48-72 hours (enjoy the sound it makes!)
 - Mold depth:  N/A
 - Shrinkage thickness:       30-50 %
-- Shrinkage width/length:    0-10 %
+- Shrinkage width/length:    5-10 %
 
 **Shrinkage and deformation control**
 
@@ -96,6 +101,8 @@ None.
 
 **Post-processing**
 
+If you wish to trim or sew the sheet (cutting off frayed, thin edges), it's best to do that before it has completely dried. It's more brittle when dry so you will get a less clean cut.
+
 Store flat, unfolded in a dry and ventilated room.
 
 **Further research needed on drying/curing/growth?**
@@ -103,33 +110,47 @@ Store flat, unfolded in a dry and ventilated room.
 Yes. Casting onto textured surfaces is likely to require a different technique and/or molds that have walls to ensure even distribution.
 
 
-### Process
+###Process pictures
 
 ![](../../images/final_biofoam_mixing.jpg)*Mixing the ingredients at 80 degrees, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
 ![](../../images/final_biofoam_dissolving.jpg)*The gelatin is dissolved: stirring very very slowly, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-![](../../images/final_biofoil_extraflexible.jpg)*, Releasing the sheet from the acrylic, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+![](../../images/final_biofoil_extraflexible.jpg)*Releasing the sheet from the acrylic, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-## Variations on this recipe
+###Variations
 
 - Add a **natural colorant** such as a vegetable dye or water-based ink (e.g. hibiscus, beetroot, madder)
 - Add **less glycerine** for a more rigid foil
 - **Stiffeners** such as fibres, yarn or natural debris may be added for more structure and reinforcement.
 - **Fillers** such as almond or sunflower oil, can be added to prevent additional shrinkage but might affect stickyness.
 
-### Cultural origins of this recipe
+##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
+
+**Cultural origins of this recipe**
+
+Bioplastic production is older than petrol-based plastics. In 1500 BC, people in Egypt were already using glues based on gelatin, casein and albumin for furniture constructions. Gelatin casting as a technique has also been used in production of jelly-based foods such as aspic, jelly desserts and candy.
+
+Plastics are man-made polymers that can be produced with petrol-based compounds but also bio-mass. The process to create them is called *polymerization*, or the chemical reaction to form polymer chains or networks. In 1862 Alexander Parkes presented Parkesine (now celluloid, an organic thermoformable material made from cellulose). In 1907, Bakelite was introduced by chemist Leo Hendrik Baekland. Bakelite is an electrical insulator and was used in electrical appliances, once formed, it could not be melted. Baekland coined the term "plastics" to describe a new category of materials. PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride was patented in 1914 (around the same time cellophane was discovered). The use of petroleum was easier and cheaper to obtain and process than raw materials like wood, glass and metal and gained in popularity after World War II. More plastics were invented and became mainstream in the 1960s thanks to its ease and low cost of production. High tech plastics continued to be developed for health care and technology since the 1970s. 
+
+In short: not all plastics are petrol-based. Henry Ford experimented with plastics made from soya beans as early as 1941. Common plastics like celluloid and PLA - are also biobased but are not necessarliy better in terms of reducing pollution: The time and conditions they require to decompose and be reabsorbed in nature are crucial in determining how sustainable plastics are. 
+
+**On open-source bioplastics:** open-source documenting of how to make bioplastics with simple tools and locally available materials can be attributed to Miriam Ribul and her publication on *Material Activism* from 2014. Promoting collaborative production of alternatives for petroleum-based plastic, she demonstrated 20(!) known processes for material production using only 4 simple recipes. Juliette Pépin's visual research book on bioplastics (also from 2014), goes in depth into the sensory and visual aspects of simple recipes with many variations. Although bioplastics production is certainly a craft that is dispersed across many locations and times, leaving traces of many similar recipes behind, this type of cataloguing and sharing work is certainly indebted to these two pioneers.
 
-Bioplastic production is older than petrol based plastics. In 1500 BC, people in Egypt were already using glues based on gelatin, casein and albumin for furniture constructions. Gelatin casting as a technique has also been used in production of jelly-based foods such as aspic, jelly desserts and candy.
 
 **Needs further research?**   Not sure
 
-### References this recipe draws from
+###Key Sources
 
-- **Biofoil (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
+- **Biofoil (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (TextileLab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating Materials", 2017-2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
 - **The Bioplastics Cookbook: A Catalogue of Bioplastics Recipes** by Margaret Dunne for Fabtextiles, 2018, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3) 
+- **Biofoil (gelatine) Recipe** by Monique Grimord (TextileLab, Waag), biofoil (gelatine) and Indian ink sample from the material archive, 2016.
+
+###Copyright information 
+
+It is unclear if any copyright rests on the recipe by Dunne. Further research is required. The other two are licenced under a CC Attribution Non-Commercial Licence.
 
-### Known concerns and contestations\*
+##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
 
 Needs further research
 
@@ -139,7 +160,7 @@ Acrylic (for the mold) is a petrol based plastic but results in very shiny foils
 
 Using renewable ingredients is not by definition petrol-free. Imagine they have to travel long distances by plane, boat or truck: it takes fuel. Also, the effects of GMO technologies and pesticides can be harmful to the environment and it's worth using knowing the source and production standards involved. If you can afford it, buying organic ingredients is a good starting point.
 
-### Sustainability tags
+**Sustainability tags**
 
 - Renewable ingredients: yes
 - Vegan: no
@@ -149,15 +170,9 @@ Using renewable ingredients is not by definition petrol-free. Imagine they have
 
 Needs further research?:  not sure
 
-Gelatine-based bioplastics can be recasted by melting them in a pot with some water. Recycling them with PET plastics contaminates the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow.
+Gelatine-based bioplastics can be recasted by melting them in a pot with some water. Should not be recycled as part of PET-plastics waste: this causes contamination of the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow.
 
-## Material properties
-
-### Comparative qualities
-
-This foil is thick and strong and completely transparent, a bit like the plastic table cloths some people may have on their kitchen table to protect the woord from staining. I would describe it more like a protective plastic than a packaging material for example. 
-
-### Technical and sensory properties
+##PROPERTIES
 
 - **Strength**: strong
 - **Hardness**: flexible
@@ -183,59 +198,45 @@ This foil is thick and strong and completely transparent, a bit like the plastic
 - **Color modifiers:** none 
 
 
-## About this entry
+##ABOUT
 
-### Maker(s) of this sample
+**Maker(s) of this sample**
 
 - Name: Loes Bogers
 - Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
 - Location:  Amsterdam, the Netherlands
 - Date: 19-02-2020 – 26-02-2020
 
-### Environmental conditions
+**Environmental conditions**
 
-- Humidity:  not sure
+- Humidity:  40-50%
 - Outside temp:  5-11 degrees Celcius
 - Room temp:  18 – 22 degrees Celcius
 - PH tap water:  7-8
 
-### Recipe validation
-
-Has recipe been validated? Yes
+**Recipe validation**
 
-By Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
+Has recipe been validated? Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
 
-### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
+**Images of the final sample**
 
-0,78 Euros for a yield of approx 200 ml
-
-### Local supplier/sourcing info
-
-Gelatin powder - Jacob Hooy (online retailers)
-Glycerine 1.23 - Orphi/Chempropack (online retailers)
-Acrylic sheet - Online retailers, DIY stores
-
-## Copyright information
-
-### This recipe is in the public domain (CC0)
-
-Yes
+![](../../images/finalpics-67.jpg)*Extra flexible gelatin-based biofoil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-### This recipe was previously published by someone else
+![](../../images/finalpics-68.jpg)*Extra flexible gelatin-based biofoil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-No
+![](../../images/finalpics-71.jpg)*Extra flexible gelatin-based biofoil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-##References
+##REFERENCES
 
+- **Biofoil (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (TextileLab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating Materials", 2017-2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
+- **The Bioplastics Cookbook: A Catalogue of Bioplastics Recipes** by Margaret Dunne for Fabtextiles, 2018, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3) 
+- **Biofoil (gelatine) Recipe** by Monique Grimord (TextileLab, Waag), biofoil (gelatine) and Indian ink sample from the material archive, 2016.
 - **The Secrets of Bioplastic** by Clara Davis (Fabtex, IAAC, Fab Lab Barcelona), 2017, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/the_secrets_of_bioplastic_).
-- **The Bioplastics Cookbook: A Catalogue of Bioplastics Recipes** by Margaret Dunne for Fabtextiles, 2018, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3)
-
-## Images of final product
-
-![](../../images/finalpics-67.jpg)*Extra flexible gelatin-based biofoil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
-
-![](../../images/finalpics-68.jpg)*Extra flexible gelatin-based biofoil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+- **Lifecycle of a Plastic Product** by American Chemistry Council, n.d. [link](https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Lifecycle-of-a-Plastic-Product/)
+- **Polymerization**, on Wikipedia, n.d.: [link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization)
+- **Seaweeds can be a new source of bioplastics** by Rajendran, N, Sharanya Puppala, Sneha Raj M., Ruth Angeeleena B., and Rajam, C. in Journal of Pharmacy Research, 12 March 2012: [link](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258495452_Seaweeds_can_be_a_new_source_for_bioplastics)
+- **Recipes for Material Activism** by Miriam Ribul, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/miriamribul/docs/miriam_ribul_recipes_for_material_a)
+- **Research Book Bioplastics** by Juliette Pepin, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/juliettepepin/docs/bookletbioplastic)
 
-![](../../images/finalpics-71.jpg)*Extra flexible gelatin-based biofoil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
 

docs/files/recipes/biolino.md

 # BIOLINOLEUM
 
-### Tactility & sound impression
-
 <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cZIIQKz5wYI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
 
 <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WP-ZlP3fVT4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
 
-### Description
+##GENERAL INFORMATION
 
-A tough but light, textured bioplastic. Remains some flexibility when cast as a sheet. Gelatine-based with dried and ground eggshells as filler to avoid shrinkage.
+A tough but light, textured bioplastic. Remains some flexibility when cast as a sheet. Gelatine-based with dried and ground eggshells as filler to avoid shrinkage. This resin is dense and rather heavy, but not rock hard like synthetic epoxy or cold like glass. It keeps certain level of bounciness to it.
 
-### Physical form
+**Physical form**
 
 Solids, Surfaces
 
 Color without additives: light brown/liver color with speckles.
 
-### Fabrication time
+**Fabrication time**
 
 Preparation time: 1 Hours (if you prepared the egg shell powder already)
 
@@ -26,7 +24,13 @@ Need attention: Every 8-16 hours to alternate between drying and presing.
 
 Final form achieved after: 10 days
 
-## Ingredients
+**Estimated cost (consumables)**
+
+2,56 Euros for a yield of approx 300 ml before drying. 
+
+##RECIPE
+
+###Ingredients
 
 * **Gelatine powder - 24 gr**
 	* Functions as the polymeer (so it becomes a solid)
@@ -35,26 +39,28 @@ Final form achieved after: 10 days
 * **Water - 200 ml/gr**
 	* To dissolve and mix the polymeer and plasticizer
 * **Dried and ground egg shells - 55 g**
-    * Used as a filler that reduces shrinkage, and simultaneously adds texture and strength. Recipe for drying and grinding egg shells is [here](../files/recipes/eggshellpowder.md). 
+    * Used as a filler that reduces shrinkage, and simultaneously adds texture and strength. Recipe for drying and grinding egg shells is. 
 
-## Tools
+###Tools
 
 1. **Cooker or stove** (optional: temperature controlled)
 1. **Pot**
 1. **Scale**
 1. **Moulds** (acrylic or glass surface to cast sheets on, silicon molds for solids. Molds with removable base are very useful).
 1. **Spoon** 
+1. **An oven** to dry the eggshells
+1. **A blender** to blend the egg shells
 
 
-## Yield before processing/drying/curing
+###Yield 
 
-Approx. 200 ml
+Approx. 200 ml before drying. 
 
-## Method
+###Method
 
 1. **Preparation**
 
-	- Prepare the egg shell powder if you don't have it already (see recipe [here](../files/recipes/eggshellpowder.md)
+	- Prepare the egg shell powder if you don't have it already: clean the egg shells and dry them at 100 degrees celcius for an hour in the oven. Grind into a fine powder with a blender. 
 	- Weigh your ingredients
 	- Prepare the mold and find a place where you can leave it for a while, ideally near an open window where there's air flow.
 
@@ -78,7 +84,7 @@ Approx. 200 ml
 	-  If the mould has a removable base, remove it after 4-8 hours and put the mould on its side to allow air flow from both sides. 
 	-  The compound will shrink a little. Press it under a stack of heavy books for a few hours and then dry for a few hours again, alterating the two. If you can dry the cast objects on a roster while pressed that is ideal.
 
-### Drying/curing/growth process
+###Drying/curing/growth process
 
 - Mold depth:  				3 cm (filled up until 2.5cm high), or cast on a sheet (3-5mm)
 - Shrinkage thickness:      10-15 %
@@ -98,13 +104,17 @@ None.
 
 **Post-processing**
 
+Cut the sheet into shape or trim the edges before it is completely dry and hard.
+
 Store in a dry and ventilated room.
 
 **Further research needed on drying/curing/growth?**
 
 It's worth trying to evaporate as much water as possible to reduce shrinkage even more. Adding the powder will thicken the liquid too so try to find the sweet spot where you can still pour it.
 
-### Process
+###Process pictures
+
+![](../../images/eggs6.jpg)*washed egg shells ready for the oven, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
 ![](../../images/eggshell4.jpg)*freshly ground egg shell powder, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
@@ -113,23 +123,36 @@ It's worth trying to evaporate as much water as possible to reduce shrinkage eve
 ![](../../images/eggshell2.jpg)*just casted on an acrylic sheet, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
 
-## Variations on this recipe
+###Variations
 
 - Add a **natural colorant** such as a vegetable dye or water-based ink (e.g. hibiscus, beetroot, madder)
 - Add **more glycerine** for a more flexible material
+- Use a different kind of filler than egg shells. Think of any dry fibre made of bio mass (e.g. dried plant leaves, dried used coffee grounds, shredded paper waste). 
+
+##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
+
+**Cultural origins of this recipe**
 
-### Cultural origins of this recipe
+Bioplastic production is older than petrol-based plastics. In 1500 BC, people in Egypt were already using glues based on gelatin, casein and albumin for furniture constructions. Gelatin casting as a technique has also been used in production of jelly-based foods such as aspic, jelly desserts and candy.
 
-Text
+Plastics are man-made polymers that can be produced with petrol-based compounds but also bio-mass. The process to create them is called *polymerization*, or the chemical reaction to form polymer chains or networks. In 1862 Alexander Parkes presented Parkesine (now celluloid, an organic thermoformable material made from cellulose). In 1907, Bakelite was introduced by chemist Leo Hendrik Baekland. Bakelite is an electrical insulator and was used in electrical appliances, once formed, it could not be melted. Baekland coined the term "plastics" to describe a new category of materials. PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride was patented in 1914 (around the same time cellophane was discovered). The use of petroleum was easier and cheaper to obtain and process than raw materials like wood, glass and metal and gained in popularity after World War II. More plastics were invented and became mainstream in the 1960s thanks to its ease and low cost of production. High tech plastics continued to be developed for health care and technology since the 1970s. 
+
+In short: not all plastics are petrol-based. Henry Ford experimented with plastics made from soya beans as early as 1941. Common plastics like celluloid and PLA - are also biobased but are not necessarliy better in terms of reducing pollution: The time and conditions they require to decompose and be reabsorbed in nature are crucial in determining how sustainable plastics are. 
+
+**On open-source bioplastics:** open-source documenting of how to make bioplastics with simple tools and locally available materials can be attributed to Miriam Ribul and her publication on *Material Activism* from 2014. Promoting collaborative production of alternatives for petroleum-based plastic, she demonstrated 20(!) known processes for material production using only 4 simple recipes. Juliette Pépin's visual research book on bioplastics (also from 2014), goes in depth into the sensory and visual aspects of simple recipes with many variations. Although bioplastics production is certainly a craft that is dispersed across many locations and times, leaving traces of many similar recipes behind, this type of cataloguing and sharing work is certainly indebted to these two pioneers.
 
 **Needs further research?**   Not sure
 
-### References this recipe draws from
+###Key sources
 
-- **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
+- **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (TextileLab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating Materials", 2017-2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
 - **The Bioplastics Cookbook: A Catalogue of Bioplastics Recipes** by Margaret Dunne for Fabtextiles, 2018, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3) 
 
-### Known concerns and contestations\*
+###Copyright information 
+
+Raspanti's recipe is published under an Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial licence. Copyrights on Dunnes work is unclear, more research required. 
+
+##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
 
 Needs further research
 
@@ -139,24 +162,19 @@ Acrylic (for the mold) is a petrol based plastic but results in very shiny foils
 
 Using renewable ingredients is not by definition petrol-free. Imagine they have to travel long distances by plane, boat or truck: it takes fuel. Also, the effects of GMO technologies and pesticides can be harmful to the environment and it's worth using knowing the source and production standards involved. If you can afford it, buying organic ingredients is a good starting point.
 
-### Sustainability tags
+**Sustainability tags**
 
 - Renewable ingredients: yes
 - Vegan: no
 - Made of by-products or waste:  partially (only the egg shell filler)
-- Biocompostable final product:  yes
+- Biocompostable final product:  yes, but only professionally (home composting of animal-based materials is not allowed in the EU)
 - Reuse: needs further research
 
 Needs further research?:  can this be remelted and reused?
 
-Recycling gelatine-based bioplastics them with PET plastics contaminates the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow.
+Gelatine-based bioplastics can be recasted by melting them in a pot with some water (but plastics with additives and fillers might not be reusable). Should not be recycled as part of PET-plastics waste: this causes contamination of the waste stream. 
 
-## Material properties
-
-### Comparative qualities
-This resin is dense and rather heavy, but not rock hard like synthetic epoxy or cold like glass. It keeps certain level of bounciness to it.
-
-### Technical and sensory properties
+##PROPERTIES
 
 - **Strength**: strong
 - **Hardness**: rigid
@@ -181,60 +199,44 @@ This resin is dense and rather heavy, but not rock hard like synthetic epoxy or
 - **Surface friction:** medium
 - **Color modifiers:** none 
 
+##ABOUT
 
-## About this entry
-
-### Maker(s) of this sample
+**Maker(s) of this sample**
 
 - Name: Loes Bogers
 - Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
 - Location:  Rotterdam, the Netherlands
 - Date: 06-03-2020 – 16-03-2020
 
-### Environmental conditions
+**Environmental conditions**
 
+- Humidity:  40-50%
 - Outside temp:  5-11 degrees Celcius
 - Room temp:  18 – 22 degrees Celcius
 - PH tap water:  7-8
 
-### Recipe validation
-
-Has recipe been validated? Yes
+**Recipe validation**
 
-By Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
+Has recipe been validated? Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
 
-### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency
+**Images of the final sample**
 
-2,56 Euros for a yield of approx 300 ml
-
-### Local supplier/sourcing info
-
-Gelatin powder - Jacob Hooy (online retailers)
-Glycerine 1.23 - Orphi/Chempropack (online retailers)
-Molds - Houseware stores, thrift shops
-
-## Copyright information
-
-### This recipe is in the public domain (CC0)
-
-Yes
+![](../../images/finalpics-54.jpg)*Surface, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-### This recipe was previously published by someone else
+![](../../images/finalpics-55.jpg)*Surface, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
-Yes, in: **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
+![](../../images/finalpics-56.jpg)*Solid, Loes Bogers, 2020*
 
 ##References
 
-- **The Secrets of Bioplastic** by Clara Davis (Fabtex, IAAC, Fab Lab Barcelona), 2017, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/the_secrets_of_bioplastic_).
+- **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (TextileLab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating Materials", 2017-2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
 - **The Bioplastics Cookbook: A Catalogue of Bioplastics Recipes** by Margaret Dunne for Fabtextiles, 2018, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3)
-- **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
-
-## Images of final product
-
-![](../../images/finalpics-54.jpg)*Surface, Loes Bogers, 2020*
-
-![](../../images/finalpics-55.jpg)*Surface, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+- **The Secrets of Bioplastic** by Clara Davis (Fabtex, IAAC, Fab Lab Barcelona), 2017, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/the_secrets_of_bioplastic_).
+- **Lifecycle of a Plastic Product** by American Chemistry Council, n.d. [link](https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Lifecycle-of-a-Plastic-Product/)
+- **Polymerization**, on Wikipedia, n.d.: [link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization)
+- **Seaweeds can be a new source of bioplastics** by Rajendran, N, Sharanya Puppala, Sneha Raj M., Ruth Angeeleena B., and Rajam, C. in Journal of Pharmacy Research, 12 March 2012: [link](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258495452_Seaweeds_can_be_a_new_source_for_bioplastics)
+- **Recipes for Material Activism** by Miriam Ribul, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/miriamribul/docs/miriam_ribul_recipes_for_material_a)
+- **Research Book Bioplastics** by Juliette Pepin, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/juliettepepin/docs/bookletbioplastic)
 
-![](../../images/finalpics-56.jpg)*Solid, Loes Bogers, 2020*