docs/files/presentation.md

+#Final presentation
+
+##Slides
+
+<iframe src="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vTMDmGl83b2ylicuzsJ4lrWZ8cewbQzKEd9uZ7zYR9AhnFOyPg1-3dAETjhSaTDI-_zQ_o1cH8GDP-e/embed?start=false&loop=false&delayms=60000" frameborder="0" width="600" height="366" allowfullscreen="true" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe>
+
+##Product video
+
+<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FIOPSd76PNg?controls=0" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>

docs/files/recipes/agarcomposite.md

+# AGAR COMPOSITE
+
+<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rLxWe9VTEqc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
+
+##GENERAL INFORMATION
+
+A light composite of textile and agar foil. The composite feels less flexible and less rubbery than the agar foil. It makes a crackling sound like paper. 
+
+**Physical form**
+
+Solids 
+
+Color without additives: color of the textile used
+
+**Fabrication time**
+
+Preparation time: 1 Hour
+
+Processing time: 7 days
+
+Need attention: N/A, let dry in place with lots of airflow
+
+Final form achieved after: 10 days
+
+**Estimated cost (consumables)**
+
+0,50 Euros, for a yield of approx. 200 ml (enough to make a small composite and a sheet, or larger or multiple composites)
+
+##RECIPE
+
+###Ingredients
+
+* **Agar - 5 g** polymer (makes it hard)
+* **Glycerine - 15 g** plasticizer (makes it flexible)
+* **Water - 250 ml/g** solvent, to dissolve and heat the agar
+* **A piece of textile** large enough to fit over the mold
+* **A mold** for example a bowl, or other 2.5D or 3D surface
+
+###Tools
+
+1. **Spoon**
+1. **Scale**
+1. **Bowls** to weigh ingredients
+1. **Cooker** (ideally temperature controlled)
+1. **Thermometer (optional)** if you don't have a temperature controlled cooker
+1. **Small molds - 2x** such as two glass bowls of about 8 cm diameter (or equivalent) that slide into one another. 
+
+###Yield 
+
+Before processing/drying/curing: approx. 200 ml this is enough to make a small 15x15cm composite and the agar foil found in this [recipe](../recipes/agarfoil.md)
+
+###Method
+
+1. **Preparation**
+	- Weigh your ingredients
+	- Prepare the casting surface and find a place where you can leave it for a while, ideally near an open window where there's air flow.
+
+1. **Mixing and dissolving the ingredients**
+	- bring the water to the boil
+	- optional: substitute part of the water with natural dye if you wish to use color
+	- add the glycerine
+	- add the agar
+	- bring the mixture to the boil while stirring gently, to dissolve the agar.
+
+1. **Cooking the ingredients**
+
+	- when the agar is dissolved completely, lower the temperature to 60-80 degrees (make sure it doesn't bubble), and let it simmer and evaporate water for 40 mins while stirring slowly and continuously.
+	- the agar should have the consistency of a light syrup, you should be able to leave a "trace" with you trace your spoon across the pot.  
+	- If your mixture is thicker it will spread slowly resulting in a thicker foil, if it's more liquid, it will spread wider, resulting in a thinner foil. 
+	
+1. **Casting and molding**
+
+	-  Dip the textile(s) into the hot liquid
+	-  Take it out and position on the mold, press it down with the second bowl. 
+	-  After an hour, take off the second bowl and let the composite airdry on top of the mold
+	
+###Drying/curing/growth process
+
+Allow the foil to dry for a week for best results (or 3 days minimum). 
+
+- Mold diameter: 			8 cm 
+- Shrinkage thickness       0-10 %
+- Shrinkage width/length    0-10 %
+
+**Shrinkage and deformation control**
+
+When used in a composite with textile fibres, the foil shrinks a lot less. The fibers prevent the shrinking. 
+
+**Curing agents and release agents**
+
+None
+
+**Minimum wait time before releasing from mold**
+
+3 days
+
+**Post-processing**
+
+N/A
+
+**Further research needed on drying/curing/growth?**
+
+Not sure
+
+###Process pictures
+
+![](../../images/agar3.jpg)*Waiting for the agar to dissolve, consistency of syrup, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/agar2.jpg)*it's done when you can leave a trace with the spoon, consistency of syrup, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/agar1.jpg)*You can really soak up the cotton by dipping it into the pan, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/agar4.jpg)*The composite inside the "two-piece" mold of the two glass bowls, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+###Variations
+
+- Substitute part of the water with a (neutral to alkaline) dye. The PH of the cooked agar mixture is about PH 9-10. Making the mixture very acidic changes the structure of the polysaccharide, resulting in a weaker more brittle bioplastic.
+- Try or design different molds to create big spatial structures and objects
+- Use different fibres as enforcement. Other *natural* fibres may be continuous/discontinuous ([long fibres like yarns](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/loes.bogers/files/recipes/alginatenet/), strings or hair. Or they can be short fibres that are chopped like wood chips, [egg shells](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/loes.bogers/files/recipes/biolino/), leather leftovers), particles or even braided and woven fibres like the cotton used here. Collagen, cellulose, silks, and chitin are the types found in nature. 
+- Use a different matrix: biomaterials like beeswax or animal glue for example are thermoformable matrices (the ones you can form with the help of heat). And setting matrixes like bio epoxies, white glue (made of flour), alginate, gelatin and starch-based plastics, mycelium and kombucha.   
+- Textiles can be used as scaffold in many other ways too: by growing mineral crystals on it, in concrete form work, leather moulding (cuir bouilli), and in combination with lasercut wood patterns.
+
+##ORIGINS AND REFERENCES
+
+**Cultural origins of this recipe**
+
+See also the recipe for [agar foil](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/loes.bogers/files/recipes/agarfoil/).
+
+**On composites:** a composite can be any combination of two or more dissimilar materials which together make for a material with different properties, but without merging into one new compound (they continue to be discernable). Very familiar examples is paper mache (paper and glue modelled for example around a balloon). It is one of the earliest human technologies. Early on composites were created by adding straw to mud bricks for building, or the Egyptian practice of soaking cloth tape in resin used for mummification of the dead. The technical temrs for the materials used in a composite are *constituent materials* with three type: the matrix, preform and the enforcement. The matrix is a pattern that distributes the load (e.g. bioresin), the preform are yarns, net wovens, whereas other reinforcement (such as fibres) contribute to the mechanical properties of the materials. 
+
+All composites (even simple ones) are engineered materials. One of the great benefits is that it can result in large but strong and lightweight spatial objects (e.g. carbon fibre enforced plastic) with relatively few resources. It also gives more options to create varying degrees of stiffness and strength. The use of textile composites in the construction industry is less common than traditional building materials, but its popularity is growing. 
+
+**On open-source bioplastics:** open-source documenting of how to make bioplastics with simple tools and locally available materials can be attributed to Miriam Ribul and her publication on *Material Activism* from 2014. Promoting collaborative production of alternatives for petroleum-based plastic, she demonstrated 20(!) known processes for material production using only 4 simple recipes. Juliette Pépin's visual research book on bioplastics (also from 2014), goes in depth into the sensory and visual aspects of simple recipes with many variations. Although bioplastics production is certainly a craft that is dispersed across many locations and times, leaving traces of many similar recipes behind, this type of cataloguing and sharing work is certainly indebted to these two pioneers.
+
+
+**Needs further research?**   Not sure
+
+###Key sources
+
+**Information from these other recipes was used to create this recipe:**
+
+This is an adaptation of **Flexible bio-foil** by Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam for Fabricademy 2019-2020, Class pages, [link](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lm147nvWkxxmPf5Oh2wU5a8eonpqHCVc/view). A longer cooking time is recommended to create a thicker foil. 
+
+###Copyright information 
+
+Raspanti's recipe above is published under an Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial licence.
+
+##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
+
+Sustainability concerns are largely determined by the choice of constituent materials in a composite. An issue with most composites however, is that the process of recycling is complicated when constituent materials cannot be separated after use. For example salvaging the carbon fibre used in sports sailing equipment requires quite a lot of (toxic) chemicals and dissolves the other constituent material in the sail. The big thing to consider with composites is how might be be recycled and/or reabsorbed in nature without wasting resources. 
+
+"Green" composites would be made of biopolymers (e.g. agar-based bioplastic) and natural fibres (e.g. cotton, hemp, corn cobs, wood dust) as reinforcement), making the composite fully degradable if not compostable. 
+
+**Sustainability tags**
+
+- Renewable ingredients: yes
+- Vegan: yes
+- Made of by-products or waste: no
+- Biocompostable final product:  yes
+- Re-use: the plain agar recipe without additional additives can be melted by reheating it (add a splash of water if necessary), reusing a composite depends on the materials used. This composite can be formed and reformed over and over.
+
+Needs further research?:  Not sure
+
+Should not be recycled as part of PET-plastics waste: this causes contamination of the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow.
+
+##PROPERTIES
+
+- **Strength**: medium
+- **Hardness**: resilient
+- **Transparency**: opaque
+- **Glossiness**: matte
+- **Weight**: light
+- **Structure**: variable
+- **Texture**: medium
+- **Temperature**: medium
+- **Shape memory**: high
+- **Odor**: none
+- **Stickiness**: low
+- **Weather resistance:** needs further research
+- **Acoustic properties:** needs further research
+- **Anti-bacterial:** needs further research
+- **Non-allergenic:** nneeds further research
+- **Electrical properties:** needs further research
+- **Heat resistance:** medium
+- **Water resistance:** water resistant
+- **Chemical resistance:** needs further research
+- **Scratch resistance:** high
+- **Surface friction:** medium
+- **PH modifiers:** none 
+
+##ABOUT
+
+**Maker of this sample**
+
+- Name: Loes Bogers
+- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
+- Location:  Amsterdam, the Netherlands
+- Date: 16-03-2020 – 24-03-2020
+
+**Environmental conditions**
+
+- Humidity:  40-50%
+- Outside temp:  5-11 degrees Celcius
+- Room temp:  18 – 22 degrees Celcius
+- PH tap water:  7-8
+
+**Recipe validation**
+
+Has recipe been validated? 
+
+Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
+
+**Images of the final sample**
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-58.jpg)*Agar composite, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+
+##REFERENCES
+
+- **Agar biofoil** by Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam for Fabricademy 2019-2020, Class pages, [link](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lm147nvWkxxmPf5Oh2wU5a8eonpqHCVc/view). 
+- **Textile as Scaffold** by Anastasia Pistofidou for Fabricademy, 30 October 2018: [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week088/)
+- **Textile Composite Materials** by Ashok Hakoo for Textile School, 14 April 2019: [link](https://www.textileschool.com/4474/textile-composite-materials/)
+- **Textile Composites** by Waqas Paracha via Slideshare, 5 April 2010: [link](https://www.slideshare.net/wakasyounus/textile-composites)
+- **What is Biocomposite?** by Ashish Kumar Dua, for Textile Learner, July 2013: [link](https://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/07/what-is-biocomposite-fibers-used-in.html)
+- **Recipes for Material Activism** by Miriam Ribul, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/miriamribul/docs/miriam_ribul_recipes_for_material_a)
+- **Research Book Bioplastics** by Juliette Pepin, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/juliettepepin/docs/bookletbioplastic)
\ No newline at end of file

docs/files/recipes/agarfoil.md

+# AGAR FOIL
+
+<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0T2z2sMUh3Y" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
+
+##GENERAL INFORMATION
+
+A vegan flexible, transparent foil that can resist water and moderate heat (up to 85 degrees C) quite well without transforming. This foil feels rubbery and flexible, and can remain a little sticky (more than e.g. the alginate and gelatine-based foil). It's not as sticky as cling film or cellophane, it's more comparable to a transparent PVC foil for example.
+
+**Physical form**
+
+Surfaces 
+
+Color without additives: transparent, slightly yellow/beige when folded
+
+**Fabrication time**
+
+Preparation time: 1 Hour
+
+Processing time: 7 days
+
+Need attention: N/A, let dry in place with lots of airflow
+
+Final form achieved after: 10 days
+
+**Estimated cost (consumables)**
+
+0,50 Euros, for a yield of approx. 200 ml
+
+##RECIPE
+
+###Ingredients
+
+* **Agar - 5 g** 
+	* Polymer (makes it hard)
+* **Glycerine - 15 g**
+	* Plasticizer
+* **Water - 250 ml/g** 
+	* Solvent, to dissolve and heat the agar
+
+###Tools
+
+1. **Spoon**
+1. **Scale**
+1. **Bowls** to weigh ingredients
+1. **Cooker** (ideally temperature controlled)
+1. **Thermometer (optional)** if you don't have a temperature controlled cooker
+1. **Mold** of about 20 cm diameter (or equivalent). Optional: you can also cast on a surface like an acrylic sheet but your sheet will be thinner
+
+
+###Yield 
+
+Before processing/drying/curing: approx. 200 ml
+
+###Method
+
+1. **Preparation**
+
+	- Weigh your ingredients
+	- Prepare the casting surface and find a place where you can leave it for a while, ideally near an open window where there's air flow.
+
+1. **Mixing and dissolving the ingredients**
+	- bring the water to the boil
+	- optional: substitute part of the water with natural dye if you wish to use color
+	- add the glycerine
+	- add the agar
+	- bring the mixture to the boil while stirring gently, to dissolve the agar.
+
+1. **Cooking the ingredients**
+
+	- when the agar is dissolve completely, lower the temperature to 60-80 degrees (make sure it doesn't bubble), and let it simmer and evaporate water for 40 mins while stirring slowly and continuously.
+	- the agar should have the consistency of a light syrup, you should be able to leave a "trace" with you trace your spoon across the pot.  
+	- If your mixture is thicker it will spread slowly resulting in a thicker foil, if it's more liquid, it will spread wider, resulting in a thinner foil. 
+	
+1. **Casting**
+
+	-  Cast onto the surface
+	-  Pour from the middle and hold still, let the liquid distribute itself, it cures quickly if it is thick. 
+
+	
+###Drying/curing/growth process
+
+Allow the foil to dry for a week for best results (or 3 days minimum). If you don't peel it off the surface it will shrink much less in width/length.
+
+- Mold depth: 				1.5-2.5 mm
+- Shrinkage thickness       40-60 %
+- Shrinkage width/length    5-10% %
+
+**Shrinkage and deformation control**
+
+Agar foil shrinks quite a lot, especially in thickness. The amount depends on the amount of water that has been evaporated/cooking time.  
+
+**Curing agents and release agents**
+
+None
+
+**Minimum wait time before releasing from mold**
+
+3 days
+
+**Post-processing**
+
+None, store dry and flat.
+
+**Further research needed on drying/curing/growth?**
+
+Not sure
+
+###Process pictures
+![](../../images/agar3.jpg)*Dissolving the agar, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/agar2.jpg)*Making a trace with the spoon, consistency of syrup, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/agar5.jpg)*Filling up a mould with detachable botton, 2-3 mm filled, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+
+###Variations
+
+- Substitute part of the water with a (neutral to alkaline) dye. The PH of the cooked agar mixture is about PH 9-10. Making the mixture very acidic changes the structure of the polysaccharide, resulting in a weaker more brittle bioplastic.
+- Add less glycerine for a more rigid, stiff foil 
+- Add fillers (debris, coffee waste) or fibres to make a composite, see also the [agar composite recipe](./agarcomposite.md)). 
+
+##ORIGINS AND REFERENCES
+
+**Cultural origins of this recipe**
+
+Legends say that agar was discovered in Japan in 1658 by Mino Tarōzaemon (美濃 太郎左衞門), an innkeeper in current Fushimi-ku, Kyoto. The story goes that he noticed that discarded seaweed soup he'd made had gelled after a winter night's freezing. 
+
+The word "agar" comes from *agar-agar*, the Malay name for red algae (Gigartina, Gracilaria) from which the jelly is produced. Agar is a common gelling agent, originally primarily in Asian cuisines, before traveling to other kitchens in the world. It is used to create jellies, jams and desserts, but also more generally as a binder, and clarifying agent in beer brewing. It is a stronger than gelatine.  
+
+In the late 19th century, its properties were found to be useful in microbiology and it became a popular medium for growing microbes because it has a higher melting point than gelatine media. 
+
+Agar-based bioplastics are promising candidates for food packaging and have been used as packaging for dried goods and can be heat sealed (rather than glue sealed). Margarita Talep's packaging designs are a beautiful example. 
+
+**On open-source bioplastics:** open-source documenting of how to make bioplastics with simple tools and locally available materials can be attributed to Miriam Ribul and her publication on *Material Activism* from 2014. Promoting collaborative production of alternatives for petroleum-based plastic, she demonstrated 20(!) known processes for material production using only 4 simple recipes. Juliette Pépin's visual research book on bioplastics (also from 2014), goes in depth into the sensory and visual aspects of simple recipes with many variations. Although bioplastics production is certainly a craft that is dispersed across many locations and times, leaving traces of many similar recipes behind, this type of cataloguing and sharing work is certainly indebted to these two pioneers.
+
+**Needs further research?** Yes, on the history of uses of agar as a biopolymer and the people developing the processes for it.
+
+###Key Sources
+
+This is an adaptation of **Flexible bio-foil** by Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam for Fabricademy 2019-2020, Class pages, [link](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lm147nvWkxxmPf5Oh2wU5a8eonpqHCVc/view). A longer cooking time is recommended to create a thicker foil. 
+
+###Copyright information
+
+The recipe by Raspanti above was published under an Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial licence.
+
+##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
+
+In cooking, agar is known as the vegan and halal alternative to animal-based gelatine as it is obtained by boiling red algae into a gel. Although it is hailed as a renewable and vegan option to make bioplastics - you also need less grams of agar to create a solid compared to gelatine - its popularity as a medium in microbiology has already led to shortages and over-utilized seaweed populations in the past. It may be renewable, but it's not infinite.
+
+**Sustainability tags**
+
+- Renewable ingredients: yes
+- Vegan: yes
+- Made of by-products or waste: no
+- Biocompostable final product:  yes, in 2-4 months
+- Re-use: yes, the agar can be melted by reheating it (with a little water if necessary)
+
+Needs further research?:  Not sure
+
+Should not be recycled as part of PET-plastics waste: this causes contamination of the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow.
+
+##PROPERTIES
+
+- **Strength**: medium
+- **Hardness**: flexible
+- **Transparency**: transparent
+- **Glossiness**: glossy
+- **Weight**: medium
+- **Structure**: closed
+- **Texture**: smooth
+- **Temperature**: cool
+- **Shape memory**: low
+- **Odor**: none
+- **Stickiness**: high
+- **Weather resistance:** needs further research
+- **Acoustic properties:** needs further research
+- **Anti-bacterial:** needs further research
+- **Non-allergenic:** nneeds further research
+- **Electrical properties:** needs further research
+- **Heat resistance:** medium
+- **Water resistance:** water resistant
+- **Chemical resistance:** needs further research
+- **Scratch resistance:** poor
+- **Surface friction:** braking
+- **PH modifiers:** none 
+
+##ABOUT
+
+**Maker of this sample**
+
+- Name: Loes Bogers
+- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
+- Location:  Amsterdam, the Netherlands
+- Date: 16-03-2020 – 24-03-2020
+
+**Environmental conditions**
+
+- Humidity:  40-50%
+- Outside temp:  5-11 degrees Celcius
+- Room temp:  18 – 22 degrees Celcius
+- PH tap water:  7-8
+
+**Recipe validation**
+
+Has recipe been validated? 
+
+Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
+
+**Images of the final sample**
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-80.jpg)*Agar foil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-81.jpg)*Agar foil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-82.jpg)*Agar foil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+##REFERENCES
+
+- **Lab Staple Agar hit by Seaweed Shortage** by Ewen Callaway, in Nature, 528, 8 December 2015: [link](https://www.nature.com/news/lab-staple-agar-hit-by-seaweed-shortage-1.18970)
+- **Agar** on Wikipedia: [link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar)
+- **Agar biofoil** by Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam for Fabricademy 2019-2020, Class pages, [link](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lm147nvWkxxmPf5Oh2wU5a8eonpqHCVc/view). 
+- **Margarita Talep Algae Bioplastic Packaging Design** by Natashah Hitti for Dezeen, 18 January 2019: [link](https://www.dezeen.com/2019/01/18/margarita-talep-algae-bioplastic-packaging-design/)
+- **Desintegra.me** by Margarita Talep, 2017: [link](https://margaritatalep.com/Desintegra-me-desarrollo)
+- **Recipes for Material Activism** by Miriam Ribul, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/miriamribul/docs/miriam_ribul_recipes_for_material_a)
+- **Research Book Bioplastics** by Juliette Pepin, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/juliettepepin/docs/bookletbioplastic)

docs/files/recipes/alginatefoil.md

+# ALGINATE FOIL
+
+<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vKj-X4PUmIw" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
+
+##GENERAL INFORMATION
+
+An alginate based, heat-resistant and waterproof semi-transparent, matte foil. The foil has a feel that can be compared with a window foil (to blind windows but let the light through). It's matte but very translucent. It doesn't crackle or jump back like a lot of other foils.
+
+**Physical form**
+
+Surface
+
+Color without additives: semi-transparent, white when layered
+
+**Fabrication time**
+
+Preparation time: 1 hour (plus resting overnight)
+
+Processing time: 5-7 days
+
+Need attention: daily, to check if sheet needs to be taped down to stay in place on the mold
+
+Final form achieved after: 7 days
+
+**Estimated cost (consumables)** 
+
+1,12 Euros for a yield for a sheet of alginate plastic (about a 50 cm x 12 cm sheet, 2 mm thick)
+
+##RECIPE
+
+###Ingredients
+
+* **Sodium alginate powder - 12 gr**
+	* the polymeer (so it becomes a solid)
+* **Glycerine - 20 gr**
+	* the plasticizer that bonds with the alginate (makes it flexible). 
+* **Water - 400 ml/gr**
+	* to dissolve and mix the polymeer and plasticizer
+	* optional: use a (diluted) natural dye instead for a colored plastic
+* **Sunflower oil - 10 gr**
+	* filler to reduce shrinkage
+* **Calcium chloride solution 10% (10 gr to 100 gr water)**
+    * is the curing agent: calcium chloride attracts moisture very strongly: spraying it onto the alginate plastic starts the curing process. 
+
+###Tools
+
+1. **Scale**
+1. **Spoon** 
+1. **Blender** 
+2. **Glass jar with lid**
+3. **Spray bottle** (150 ml contents, for the calcium chloride solution)
+2. **Acrylic sheet** smooth surface to cast the foil onto. A smooth surface will create a smooth matte foil.
+3. **A strip of acrylic or squeeguee** to push the alginate mixture into place and form an even and flat rectangle
+3. **Painting tape** to tape down if edges of the sheet start to come off of the surface
+4. **Kitchen paper** to soak up the water that will be released from the alginate mixture
+
+###Yield
+
+Before processing/drying/curing: approx. 200 ml of alginate plastic that can be stored for two weeks and used for any alginate application
+
+Approx. 100 ml of calcium chloride 10% solution that can be used for any alginate recipe
+
+###Method
+
+1. **Preparation**
+	- Weigh your ingredients for the alginate plastic (alginate, glycerine, water, sunflower oil). Optional: use a diluted natural dye instead of water in the same amount for a colored plastic.
+	- Put the oil, alginate and glycerine in a blender and add a dash of the water. Blend into a thick and homogenous paste. Then add the rest of the water and blend again (this is to avoid lumps).
+	- Leave the mixture overnight to allow the bubbles to come to the surface and pop.
+	- Make the calcium chloride solution by dissolving 10 gr in 100 gr hot water. Put it in a spray bottle.
+
+1. **Casting**
+	- Prepare some space on an acrylic or glass surface 
+	- Pour the alginate onto the acrylic sheet and use the squeeguee or acrylic strip to mold the liquid into a rectangular shape of about 3mm high
+	- Spray the sheet with the calcium chloride solution (use quite a lot)
+	- Let it sit for a few minutes, then spray again if you see the liquid is starting to ooze out from the sides. The film that is created in the curing process can break from the weight of the liquid bubble. By respraying you can close these until the sheet is cured enough and stable to dry further. 
+	- The alginate can release quite a lot of water at this stage, so it's wise to place some kitchen paper around it to absorb excess water.
+
+###Drying/curing/growth process
+
+- Mold depth:  				N/A
+- Shrinkage thickness:      40-60 %
+- Shrinkage width/length:   10-20 %
+
+**Shrinkage and deformation control**
+
+Keep an eye on the sheet every few hours, especially on the first day. The thinner edges of the sheet might curl up when drying and pull of parts of the sheet. When it comes off it will start to warp. Taping it down onto the acrylic helps to keep it in place an dry in shape.
+Let it dry up to seven days to get to the final form. When it no longer feels cool to the touch it is dry enough to take off. If you want to trim the edges do it while the foil is still a bit softer for a clean cut. 
+
+**Curing agents and release agents**
+
+Calcium chloride 10% as curing agent 
+
+**Minimum wait time before releasing from mold**
+
+3 days but ideally a week
+
+**Post-processing**
+
+trim the edges with scissors or a scalper and ruler if you wish
+
+**Further research needed on drying/curing/growth?**
+
+Not sure
+
+###Process pictures
+
+![](../../images/algi_ingredients.jpg)*Preparing the alginate the day before, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/algidone.jpg)*The mixture is ready, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/alginateNET6.jpg)*Preparing a 10% calcium chloride solution with hot water, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/alginateNET7.jpg)*The calcium chloride solution in a spray bottle, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/alginatefoil.jpg)*alginate casted onto acrylic sheet, first few minutes of curing, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+###Variations
+
+- Replace the water with a (diluted) **natural colorant** such as a vegetable dye or water-based ink (e.g. hibiscus, beetroot, madder) 
+- Add **less glycerine** for a less flexible foil
+- Take out the sunflower oil and use 30% less alginate to cast thinner foils
+- You can also use this recipe to make composites such as the one described in the [alginate net recipe](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/loes.bogers/files/recipes/alginatenet/)
+
+##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
+
+###Cultural origins of this recipe
+
+Sodium alginate (E401) is used a lot in molecular gastronomy, for (reverse) spherification that was patented by  William J. S. Peschardt in the 1940s and popularized in the molecular cuisine popularized by Adrian Ferra from restaurant El Bulli. It takes no heat but gels when in contact with calcium and acidic media (e.g. calcium chloride and calcium lactate). More commonly, it is used as additive: as stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier and hydration agent in all kinds of processed foods, but cosmetics and pharmaceuticals and even (as thickener) in screen printing).
+
+Alginate plastics are also used a lot in molding and casting of dental technology industry. And it is used to waterproof and fireproof fabrics.  
+
+**On open-source bioplastics:** open-source documenting of how to make bioplastics with simple tools and locally available materials can be attributed to Miriam Ribul and her publication on *Material Activism* from 2014. Promoting collaborative production of alternatives for petroleum-based plastic, she demonstrated 20(!) known processes for material production using only 4 simple recipes. Juliette Pépin's visual research book on bioplastics (also from 2014), goes in depth into the sensory and visual aspects of simple recipes with many variations. Although bioplastics production is certainly a craft that is dispersed across many locations and times, leaving traces of many similar recipes behind, this type of cataloguing and sharing work is certainly indebted to these two pioneers.
+
+**Needs further research?**   Yes, on the uses of alginate as a design material and the people who have developed the processes and techniques for it. 
+
+###Key sources
+
+The alginate recipe is a modified version of: **Flexible Bio-plastic Alginate Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (TextileLab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating Materials", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
+
+###Copyright information
+
+Raspanti's recipe above was published under an Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial licence.
+
+##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
+
+Brown algae are not farmed everywhere in the world and might have to travel significant distances. 
+
+**Sustainability tags**
+
+- Renewable ingredients: yes
+- Vegan: yes
+- Made of by-products or waste:  no
+- Biocompostable final product:  yes
+- Reuse: no
+
+Needs further research?:  not sure
+
+Algae have some benefits compared to conventional farming of biomaterials: they don’t need agricultural land, therefore there is no competition for food or farmland. They have higher yields per hectare and are extremely efficient with water, and algae may grow on nutrients from residual streams, like waste water and CO2.    
+
+Should not be recycled as part of PET-plastics waste: this causes contamination of the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow.
+
+##PROPERTIES
+
+- **Strength**: medium
+- **Hardness**: flexible
+- **Transparency**: translucent
+- **Glossiness**: matt
+- **Weight**: light
+- **Structure**: closed
+- **Texture**: medium
+- **Temperature**: medium
+- **Shape memory**: medium
+- **Odor**: none
+- **Stickiness**: low
+- **Weather resistance:** needs further research 
+- **Acoustic properties:** needs further research
+- **Anti-bacterial:** needs further research
+- **Non-allergenic:**needs further research
+- **Electrical properties:** needs further research
+- **Heat resistance:** high, up to 150 degrees celcius
+- **Water resistance:** waterproof (for PH neutral and acidic water, not for alkaline water)
+- **Chemical resistance:** needs further research
+- **Scratch resistance:** high
+- **Surface friction:** medium
+- **Color modifiers:** none 
+
+##ABOUT
+
+**Maker(s) of this sample**
+
+- Name: Loes Bogers
+- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
+- Location:  Amsterdam, the Netherlands
+- Date: 25-02-2020 – 02-03-2020
+
+**Environmental conditions**
+
+- Humidity:  40-50%
+- Outside temp:  5-11 degrees Celcius
+- Room temp:  18 – 22 degrees Celcius
+- PH tap water:  7-8
+
+**Recipe validation**
+
+By Cecilia Raspanti, TextileLab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020
+
+**Images of the final sample**
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-49.jpg)*Alginate foil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-49.jpg)*Alginate foil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-50.jpg)*Alginate foil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-51.jpg)*Alginate foil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-52.jpg)*Alginate foil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-53.jpg)*Alginate foil, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+##REFERENCES
+
+- **Flexible Bio-plastic Alginate Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (TextileLab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating Materials", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
+- **Alginate Recipe** by Catherine Euale, Fabricademy 2018-19 [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/2019/catherine.euale/projects/P7algae/)
+- **The Science Of Spherification: Theoreticians examine the atomic details of an avant-garde culinary technique"**, by Bethany Halford, Chemical and Engineering News, Volume 92 Issue 42, pp. 35-36, October 2014: [link](https://cen.acs.org/articles/92/i42/Science-Spherification.html)
+- **Alginic Acid** on Wikipedia: [link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginic_acid)
+- **Development of bio-plastic from production technologies from microalgae** by AlgaePARC for Wageningen University & Research, 2012-2016: [link](https://www.wur.nl/en/show/Development-of-bioplastic-production-technologies-from-microalgae.htm)
+- **Recipes for Material Activism** by Miriam Ribul, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/miriamribul/docs/miriam_ribul_recipes_for_material_a)
+- **Research Book Bioplastics** by Juliette Pepin, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/juliettepepin/docs/bookletbioplastic)
+
+
+
+

docs/files/recipes/alginatenet.md

+# ALGINATE NET
+
+<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iQ-Ax3saWJI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
+
+##GENERAL INFORMATION
+
+a cotton/wool and alginate-based composite with open structure, molded onto a half dome shape. The net is light and springy and feels a little like a thin hemp rope. It jumps right back into shape after squeezing it.
+
+**Physical form**
+
+Solids
+
+Color without additives: color of the yarn used
+
+**Fabrication time**
+
+Preparation time: 1 hour (plus resting overnight)
+
+Processing time: 5-7 days
+
+Need attention: None, just leave it to dry on the mold
+
+Final form achieved after: 7 days
+
+**Estimated cost (consumables)**
+
+0,57 Euros for a yield of approx 200 ml alginate plastic (you can make a few nets with that)
+
+##RECIPE
+
+##Ingredients
+
+* **Sodium alginate powder - 6 gr**
+	* the polymeer (so it becomes a solid)
+* **Glycerine - 10 gr**
+	* the plasticizer that bonds with the alginate (makes it flexible). 
+* **Water - 200 ml/gr**
+	* to dissolve and mix the polymeer and plasticizer
+	* optional: use a (diluted) natural dye instead for a colored plastic
+* **Sunflower oil - 5 gr**
+	* filler to reduce shrinkage
+* **Yarn - cotton/wool mix, 2 metres** 
+    * to create the net
+* **Calcium chloride solution 10% (10 gr to 100 gr water)**
+    * is the curing agent: calcium chloride attracts moisture very strongly: spraying it onto the alginate plastic starts the curing process. 
+
+##Tools
+
+1. **Scale**
+1. **Spoon** 
+1. **Blender** 
+2. **Glass jar with lid**
+3. **Spray bottle** (150 ml contents, for the calcium chloride solution)
+1. **Circular loom OR: nails and a wooden board** to design the net
+1. **Moulds** for shaping the net, e.g. two identical bowls that fit inside one another
+2. **Acrylic sheet** to catch the excess alginate mixture (can be scooped up and reused before curing)
+
+##Yield
+
+Approx. 200 ml of alginate plastic that can be stored for two weeks and used in many different recipes
+
+Approx. 100 ml of calcium chloride 10% solution that can be used for any alginate recipe
+
+##Method
+
+1. **Preparation**
+	- Weigh your ingredients for the alginate plastic (alginate, glycerine, water, sunflower oil). Optional: use a diluted natural dye instead of water in the same amount for a colored plastic.
+	- Put the oil, alginate and glycerine in a blender and add a dash of the water. Blend into a thick and homogenous paste. Then add the rest of the water and blend again (this is to avoid lumps).
+	- Leave the mixture overnight to allow the bubbles to come to the surface and pop.
+	- Make the calcium chloride solution by dissolving 10 gr in 100 gr hot water. Put it in a spray bottle.
+ 
+1. **Loom preparation**
+	- The next day: create a net on your loom (or hammer some nails into a wooden board and use that to create a net shape). It's not important that this is a properly woven structure. 
+	- Push down the yarn at all the crossings, so the threads touch each other
+
+1. **Casting**
+	- Place the loom on an acrylic sheet before casting to catch excess alginate mixture
+	- Distribute the alginate mixture over the net, making sure it touches all the threads and crossings
+	- Wipe off excess blobs, the alginate should be distributed evenly
+	- Spray the net with the calcium chloride solution from all sides to start the curing process
+	- After a few minutes, when it no longer feels liquid but is becoming slightly solid, take the net off the loom. The alginate will shrink a lot, if you leave it on it could get stuck.
+	- Rinse the calcium chloride off the net by submerging it in tap water
+	- Transfer the net onto the mold (a bowl in this case), and place the threads how you want them
+	- Let it cure until totally dry
+
+###Drying/curing/growth process
+
+- Mold depth:  				N/A
+- Shrinkage thickness:      20-30 %
+- Shrinkage width/length:   20-30 %
+
+**Shrinkage and deformation control**
+
+Letting it dry up to seven days to get to the final form. When it no longer feels cool to the touch it is dry enough to take off. It can help to place a second bowl over the net to keep it in place even better.
+
+**Curing agents and release agents**
+
+Calcium chloride 10% as curing agent 
+
+**Minimum wait time before releasing from mold**
+
+3 days
+
+**Post-processing**
+
+N/A
+
+**Further research needed on drying/curing/growth?**
+
+Not sure
+
+###Process pictures
+
+![](../../images/algi_ingredients.jpg)*Preparing the alginate the day before, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/algidone.jpg)*The mixture is ready, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/alginateNET1.jpg)*Making a net-like structure on a loom (does not have to be "proper" weaving), Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/alginateNET6.jpg)*Preparing a 10% calcium chloride solution with hot water, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/alginateNET7.jpg)*The calcium chloride solution in a spray bottle, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/alginateNET2.jpg)*Pouring the alginate mixture onto net, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/alginateNET3.jpg)*You can pour a lot and scoop up the excess to use again later, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/alginateNET4.jpg)*Alginate evenly distributed along the yarn lines, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/alginateNET5.jpg)*Letting the alginate net cure and dry on top of a half-dome shape, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+###Variations
+
+- Add a **natural colorant** such as a vegetable dye or water-based ink (e.g. hibiscus, beetroot, madder)
+- Add **more glycerine** for a more flexible composite
+- You can make endless variations with the net design, and also with the mould design you cure the net on.
+
+##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
+
+**Cultural origins of this recipe**
+
+**About the material:** Sodium alginate (E401) is used a lot in molecular gastronomy, for (reverse) spherification that was patented by  William J. S. Peschardt in the 1940s and popularized in the molecular cuisine popularized by Adrian Ferra from restaurant El Bulli. It takes no heat but gels when in contact with calcium and acidic media (e.g. calcium chloride and calcium lactate). More commonly, it is used as additive: as stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier and hydration agent in all kinds of processed foods, but cosmetics and pharmaceuticals and even (as thickener) in screen printing).
+
+Alginate plastics are also used a lot in molding and casting of dental technology industry. And it is used to waterproof and fireproof fabrics.  
+
+**About the technique:** this is a socalled *composite.* A composite can be any combination of two or more dissimilar materials which together make for a material with different properties, but without merging into one new compound (they continue to be discernable). Very familiar examples is paper mache (paper and glue modelled for example around a balloon). It is one of the earliest human technologies. Early on composites were created by adding straw to mud bricks for building, or the Egyptian practice of soaking cloth tape in resin used for mummification of the dead. The technical temrs for the materials used in a composite are *constituent materials* with three type: the matrix, preform and the enforcement. The matrix is a pattern that distributes the load (e.g. bioresin), the preform are yarns, net wovens, whereas other reinforcement (such as fibres) contribute to the mechanical properties of the materials. 
+
+All composites (even simple ones) are engineered materials. One of the great benefits is that it can result in large but strong and lightweight spatial objects (e.g. carbon fibre enforced plastic) with relatively few resources. It also gives more options to create varying degrees of stiffness and strength. The use of textile composites in the construction industry is less common than traditional building materials, but its popularity is growing. 
+
+**On open-source bioplastics:** open-source documenting of how to make bioplastics with simple tools and locally available materials can be attributed to Miriam Ribul and her publication on *Material Activism* from 2014. Promoting collaborative production of alternatives for petroleum-based plastic, she demonstrated 20(!) known processes for material production using only 4 simple recipes. Juliette Pépin's visual research book on bioplastics (also from 2014), goes in depth into the sensory and visual aspects of simple recipes with many variations. Although bioplastics production is certainly a craft that is dispersed across many locations and times, leaving traces of many similar recipes behind, this type of cataloguing and sharing work is certainly indebted to these two pioneers.
+
+**Needs further research?**   Not sure
+
+###Key sources
+
+The alginate recipe is a modified version of: **Flexible Bio-plastic Alginate Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (TextileLab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating Materials", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
+
+**Alginate Bioplastic** by Catherine Euale, Fabricademy 2018-19, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/2019/catherine.euale/projects/P7algae/)
+
+The technique of alginate net casting is a variation on the experiments documented by **Carolina Delgado** (2020) in her Fabricademy [project page:](https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/carolina.delgado/projects/final-project/#netting)
+
+###Copyright information
+
+All recipes above have been published under an Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial licence.
+
+##ETHICS & SUSTAINABILITY
+
+Brown algae are not farmed everywhere in the world and might have to travel significant distances. 
+
+Algae have some benefits compared to conventional farming of biomaterials: they don’t need agricultural land, therefore there is no competition for food or farmland. They have higher yields per hectare and are extremely efficient with water, and algae may grow on nutrients from residual streams, like waste water and CO2.    
+
+Further research is required regarding the exact production processes of sodium alginate. More research is needed on the use of sustainable additives to reduce shrinkage and deformation, and decreasing the curing time. 
+
+**Sustainability tags**
+
+- Renewable ingredients: yes
+- Vegan: yes
+- Made of by-products or waste:  no
+- Biocompostable final product:  yes
+- Reuse: no
+
+Needs further research?:  not sure
+
+Should not be recycled as part of PET-plastics waste: this causes contamination of the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow.
+
+##PROPERTIES
+
+- **Strength**: medium
+- **Hardness**: flexible
+- **Transparency**: translucent
+- **Glossiness**: matt
+- **Weight**: light
+- **Structure**: open
+- **Texture**: rough/medium/smooth/variable
+- **Temperature**: medium
+- **Shape memory**: high
+- **Odor**: none
+- **Stickiness**: low
+- **Weather resistance:** medium
+- **Acoustic properties:** needs further research
+- **Anti-bacterial:** needs further research
+- **Non-allergenic:**needs further research
+- **Electrical properties:** needs further research
+- **Heat resistance:** high, up to 150 degrees celcius
+- **Water resistance:** waterproof (for PH neutral and acidic water, not for alkaline water)
+- **Chemical resistance:** needs further research
+- **Scratch resistance:** high
+- **Surface friction:** medium
+- **Color modifiers:** none 
+
+##ABOUT
+
+**Maker(s) of this sample**
+
+- Name: Loes Bogers
+- Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam
+- Location:  Rotterdam, the Netherlands
+- Date: 26-02-2020 – 03-03-2020
+
+**Environmental conditions**
+
+- Humidity:  40-50%
+- Outside temp:  5-11 degrees Celcius
+- Room temp:  18 – 22 degrees Celcius
+- PH tap water:  7-8
+
+**Recipe validation**
+
+Has recipe been validated? Yes, by Carolina Delgado, Fabricademy Student Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 26 March 2020
+
+**Images of the final sample**
+
+![](../../images/finalpics.jpg)*Alginate net, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+![](../../images/finalpics-2.jpg)*Alginate net, Loes Bogers, 2020*
+
+
+##REFERENCES
+
+- **Flexible Bio-plastic Alginate Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (TextileLab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating Materials", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/).
+- **The Science Of Spherification: Theoreticians examine the atomic details of an avant-garde culinary technique"**, by Bethany Halford, Chemical and Engineering News, Volume 92 Issue 42, pp. 35-36, October 2014: https://cen.acs.org/articles/92/i42/Science-Spherification.html 
+- **Nature-Based System for Food Packaging** by Caroline Delgado, Fabricademy final project, 2020: https://class.textile-academy.org/2020/carolina.delgado/projects/final-project/#netting
+- **Textile as Scaffold** by Anastasia Pistofidou for Fabricademy, 30 October 2018: [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week088/)
+- **Textile Composite Materials** by Ashok Hakoo for Textile School, 14 April 2019: [link](https://www.textileschool.com/4474/textile-composite-materials/)
+- **Textile Composites** by Waqas Paracha via Slideshare, 5 April 2010: [link](https://www.slideshare.net/wakasyounus/textile-composites)
+- **What is Biocomposite?** by Ashish Kumar Dua, for Textile Learner, July 2013: [link](https://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/07/what-is-biocomposite-fibers-used-in.html)
+- **Alginic Acid** on Wikipeda: [link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginic_acid)
+- **Development of bio-plastic from production technologies from microalgae** by AlgaePARC for Wageningen University & Research, 2012-2016: [link](https://www.wur.nl/en/show/Development-of-bioplastic-production-technologies-from-microalgae.htm)
+- **Alginate Bioplastic** by Catherine Euale, Fabricademy 2018-19, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/2019/catherine.euale/projects/P7algae/)
+- **Recipes for Material Activism** by Miriam Ribul, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/miriamribul/docs/miriam_ribul_recipes_for_material_a)
+- **Research Book Bioplastics** by Juliette Pepin, 2014, via issuu [link](https://issuu.com/juliettepepin/docs/bookletbioplastic)