diff --git a/docs/files/recipes/fishskin.md b/docs/files/recipes/fishskin.md index 621a93e8d24c5ef42913122cbe6684abdd4b8d4f..e04769c6bb06dc51d58d41142eee8d192b14f54e 100644 --- a/docs/files/recipes/fishskin.md +++ b/docs/files/recipes/fishskin.md @@ -1,238 +1,248 @@ # TANNED FISH SKIN + ### Tactility & sound impression -<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gNOtGunJc2A" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> +<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/M7Jz0gQ61vw" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> + +*Tanned salmon skin without using glycerine as softener (post-treatment)*, Loes Bogers, 2020 + +<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rlLxRi4YW_A" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> + +*Tanned salmon skin with glycerine applied as softener (post-treatment)*, Loes Bogers, 2020 ### Description -A (naturally) amber-coloured hard bioresin, gelatin-based. +Very strong, translucent tanned fish skin that varies from stiff and a little rigid to flexible/soft and malleable when treated with a softener. ### Physical form -Solids +Surfaces -Color without additives: transparent, yellow/orange/amber colored. +Color without additives: color of the fish skin ### Fabrication time -Preparation time: 1 Hour +Preparation time: [number 0-24] Hours -Processing time: 5-10 days +Processing time: [number 0-100] [select unit days/weeks] -Need attention: None, just leave it to dry as long as is feasible with lots of airflow. +Need attention: every [number][select unit: hours/days] to [free text] describe activity e.g. stir, turn, etc] -Final form achieved after: 10 days +Final form achieved after: [number 0-99] [select unit days/weeks ## Ingredients -* **Gelatine powder - 96 gr** - * Functions as the polymeer (so it becomes a solid) -* **Glycerine - 16 gr** - * Functions as plasticizer that bonds with the gelatine (makes it flexible). -* **Water - 480 ml/gr** - * To dissolve and mix the polymeer and plasticizer +* **Fresh uncooked fish skins**, e.g. salmon skins + * the amounts below are enough for 1 large fish skin +* **Denatured alcohol 96%** - 200 ml + * helps to penetrate the skin + * optional: substitute part of the alcohol with a mix of alcohol and a natural alcohol-based ink) +* **Glycerine** - 200 ml + * acts as an oil +* **Dish washing soap (eco)** - 5 ml + ## Tools -1. **Cooker or stove** (optional: temperature controlled) -1. **Pot** -1. **Scale** -1. **Moulds** (ideally with removeable base to increase airflow). I have modular silicon walls with metal wire inside them that allow me to cast and then turn the moulds on their side for more airflow and drying from top and bottom. I use a silicon or acrylic sheet with these mould walls. -1. **Spoon** +1. **Big glass jar**, with tight fitting lid + * to fit all the fish skins +1. **Blunt scraping tool** + * to remove any fish and fat from the skins +1. **Large wooden board** + * to dry and stretch the fish skins on +1. **Hammer and nails** + * to nail the fish skins to the board for drying ## Yield before processing/drying/curing -Approx. 300 ml (make sure to evaporate a lot of water during cooking time) +Approx. [number] [unit] ## Method -1. **Preparation** - - - Weigh your ingredients - - Prepare the mold and find a place where you can leave it for a while, ideally near an open window where there's air flow. +1. **Preparing the fish skins** -1. **Mixing and dissolving the ingredients** - - bring the water to the boil - - optional: add natural dye if you wish to use color - - add the glycerine - - add the gelatine - - keep the temperature below 80 degrees celcius while stirring *very very slowly and gently* to avoid making bubbles. I prefer a simple spoon to do this, not a whisk. + - Scrape all the meat, fat and membrane off the fish skins with a blunt scraping tool. Really clean it all off, the skin can take some handling. + - Wash the fish skins thoroughly with cold soapy water (some say to leave it for a day to remove slime) + - Rinse the fish skins with cold tap water -1. **Cooking the ingredients** +1. **Prepare the tanning liquid** - - Simmer and slowly stir the mixture between 60-80 degrees celcius for at least 20 minutes or up to an hour. Turn it lower when bubbles appear: you don't want the liquid to move, don't boil it. This sample has some bubbles due to vigorous mixing. - - Longer cooking time allows more water to evaporate. You will get a thicker liquid. To cast larger volumes and solids with this recipe, evaporate a lot of water, until it's very thick. - -1. **Casting** + - Put the glycerine and the alcohol in a glass jar + - Sumberge the fish skin in it and shake vigourously for 1 min + - Put a little weight on top if the skin is not submerged (take out before shaking!) - - Let the liquid cool for a couple minutes until it gels a little but is still liquid and pourable. - - Cast into the mould slowly to avoid bubbles - - Pour from the middle and hold still, let the liquid distribute itself. - - Put the mould away to dry in a cool place with lots of air flow (like near an open window). A warmer place might speed up the drying process but also allow bacteria to grow faster and can result in fungal growth. - - If the mould has a removable base, remove it after 4-8 hours and put the mould on its side to allow air flow from both sides. - - When using a flexible mould: let it dry without releasing to keep the form as much as possible. The resin will likely shrink and release itself from the mold. If it feels cold to the touch it is still drying. If you are using a rigid mold: release after 4-8 hours and dry flat. +1. **Tanning process** + - Keep the fish skins in the jar for 3 days + - Shake the jar vigourously for 1 min every few hours, (or at least once a day) +1. **Drying process** + - After three days, take out the skins (keep the tanning liquid for next time) + - Optional: rinse the fish in cold soapy water, and rub some additional glycerine onto the fish (both sides), for a soft, flexible fish leather. + - Nail the skins to the wooden board. This prevents them from curling and shrinking. Don't make it too tight (it can tear at the nails). + - Leave the board to dry outside, on a balcony or near an open window. + - When completely dry, take them off the board. + ### Drying/curing/growth process -- Mold depth: 7 cm (filled up until 2.5cm high) -- Shrinkage thickness: 20-30 % -- Shrinkage width/length: 20-30 % +Drying the skins with the scales facing down (towards the wood), results in a smoother surface. + +- Mold depth: N/A +- Shrinkage thickness 0-5% +- Shrinkage width/length 0-5% **Shrinkage and deformation control** -Letting it dry up to ten days to get to the final form. It will be flexible at first but will slowly harden until its totally rigid. +Nailing them to a wooden board stretches them and prevents shrinkage and curling. **Curing agents and release agents** -None. +N/A **Minimum wait time before releasing from mold** - -Using a silicon mold: 7 days (or until it comes undone) +A week to dry and reduce the fishy smell. **Post-processing** - -Store in a dry and ventilated room. +N/A **Further research needed on drying/curing/growth?** -Casting larger volumes without growing fungus/mold, and limited warping can be challenging. Fillers like debris or egg shells can help. More research can be done on ideal conditions for drying larger volumes. - -The resin does not cure evenly across the surface, some might be negotiated by shaving off some slides while it is still relatively soft and flexible. - +Not sure ### Process +*Putting the skins inside a jar, Loes Bogers, 2020* -*Evaporating water until the liquid is thick like honey, Loes Bogers, 2020* - -*Preparing molds for small half domes (egg cups), and a big slab (silicon mould and separate base), Loes Bogers, 2020* - -*Casting the resin (I had to put a weight on top to press the mold into the base and prevent leakage, Loes Bogers, 2020* +*Tanning the skins, Loes Bogers, 2020* -*Putting the mold on its side next to open window to allow further drying from top and bottom, Loes Bogers, 2020* +*The skins nailed to a board for drying (some plain and some with turmeric alcohol-based ink), Loes Bogers, 2020* ## Variations on this recipe -- Add a **natural colorant** such as a vegetable dye or water-based ink (e.g. hibiscus, beetroot, madder) -- Add **less glycerine** for a more rigid foil -- **Stiffeners** such as fibres, yarn or natural debris may be added for more structure and reinforcement. -- **Fillers** such as almond or sunflower oil, can be added to prevent additional shrinkage but might affect stickyness. +- Add natural *alcohol-based* colorants to dye the fish skins (e.g. turmeric, hibiscus, or grated beetroot/red cabbage: submerge in alcohol and shake every hour for a day). +- Other softeners to try: leather balm, coconut oil, other oils +- Putting a fish skin in the oven for 5-10 minutes at low heat (70 degrees Celcius), it turns highly flexible. ### Cultural origins of this recipe -Bioplastic production is older than petrol based plastics. In 1500 BC, people in Egypt were already using glues based on gelatin, casein and albumin for furniture constructions. Gelatin casting as a technique has also been used in production of jelly-based foods such as aspic, jelly desserts and candy. +Traditional tanning techniques are centuries old and have been practiced by peoples in most of the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway), the Joepik in Alaska, the Nanai in Siberia, the Inuit in Canada and Greenland. It is practiced all around the world (e.g. along the Nile in Kenya, in Mexico and in Australia). Originally, the involved tanning acids from e.g. oak and chestnut bark, urine, or alternatively with egg yolk and vegetable oil and then cold-smoked over fire to make it water-proof (also prevents mold and bacteria growth). Alutiiq artist June Simeonoff Pardue has been credited for this non-traditional tanning process with alcohol and glycerine. Fish skin can also be cleaned and dried without tanning. **Needs further research?** Not sure -### References this recipe draws from +### This recipe draws together information from these other recipes -- **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/). -- **The Bioplastics Cookbook: A Catalogue of Bioplastics Recipes** by Margaret Dunne for Fabtextiles, 2018, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3) +- **Fish Skin Tanning** from the 6-8th grade Heritage Kit Curriculum, by Chugachmiut Heritage Preservation, Anchorage, Alaska USA: [link](https://chugachheritageak.org/pdf/CLO_6-12%20_FISH_SKIN_TANNING_Final.pdf) +- **Biofabricating Materials** by Cecilia Raspanti for Fabricademy 2019-2020: [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/) -### Known concerns and contestations\* - -Needs further research -Gelatin is an animal-based ingredient. Some might find it problematic to use resources that requires killing an animal because of religious or animal welfare beliefs. Arguments are also made that as long as there's a meat industry, it is better to use product from the entire animal, including skin and bones. Some might consider gelatin to be a product that comes from a waste stream, but this is considered controversial by others. +### Known concerns and contestations\* -Acrylic (for the mold) is a petrol based plastic but results in very shiny foils and sheets and can be reused endlessly for casting high quality bioplastic sheets. +- This technique is strongly associated with indigenous cultures. Using them - especially without crediting it as cultural heritage - is controversial. +- The process is smelly, but the finished product is nearly odorless if done well +- This material is animal-based (but the production & tanning process is significantly eco-friendlier process than those of e.g. cow hide. +- Denatured alcohol is harsh on skin but not dangerous, don’t use on open skin however. +- Choosing fish that are not locally abundant or known to be overfished is considered problematic. Try to find fish from sustainable fishing industries, and fish that is in-season, or the bycatch from local fishing industry. -Using renewable ingredients is not by definition petrol-free. Imagine they have to travel long distances by plane, boat or truck: it takes fuel. Also, the effects of GMO technologies and pesticides can be harmful to the environment and it's worth using knowing the source and production standards involved. If you can afford it, buying organic ingredients is a good starting point. ### Sustainability tags - Renewable ingredients: yes - Vegan: no -- Made of by-products or waste: no +- Made of by-products or waste: yes - Biocompostable final product: yes -- Reuse: yes, by melting and recasting +- Re-use: the tanning liquid can be reused -Needs further research?: not sure +Needs further research?: Not sure -Gelatine-based bioplastics can be recasted by melting them in a pot with some water. Recycling them with PET plastics contaminates the waste stream. Compost bioplastics in a warm environment with sufficient airflow. +Fish skins are considered a waste product of the fishing industry and are often trashed as many people tend to favour fish fillets without skin. ## Material properties ### Comparative qualities -This resin is dense and rather heavy, but not rock hard like synthetic epoxy or cold like glass. It keeps certain level of bounciness to it. + +The feeling of this tanned and dried fish skin is more like thick paper than leather of cow hide. It has a similar braking surface friction. It is thinner than leather of mammal hide, but equally strong if not stronger. Tanned fish skins that have been treated with glycerine as a softener after tanning, but before drying become softer and flexible. ### Technical and sensory properties - **Strength**: strong -- **Hardness**: rigid -- **Transparency**: transparent +- **Hardness**: variable +- **Transparency**: translucent - **Glossiness**: matt -- **Weight**: heavy +- **Weight**: light - **Structure**: closed -- **Texture**: medium -- **Temperature**: medium +- **Texture**: rough/medium +- **Temperature**: warm - **Shape memory**: high -- **Odor**: moderate in final product, high during production +- **Odor**: moderate (after thorough drying) - **Stickiness**: low -- **Weather resistance:** low +- **Weather resistance:** needs further research - **Acoustic properties:** needs further research - **Anti-bacterial:** needs further research - **Non-allergenic:** needs further research - **Electrical properties:** needs further research - **Heat resistance:** low -- **Water resistance:** water resistant +- **Water resistance:** waterproof/needs further research on stitching methods - **Chemical resistance:** needs further research -- **Scratch resistance:** moderate -- **Surface friction:** medium +- **Scratch resistance:** high +- **Surface friction:** medium/variable - **Color modifiers:** none ## About this entry -### Maker(s) of this sample +### Maker of this sample - Name: Loes Bogers - Affiliation: Fabricademy student at Waag Textile Lab Amsterdam - Location: Rotterdam, the Netherlands -- Date: 06-03-2020 – 16-03-2020 +- Date: 24-02-2020 – 02-03-2020 ### Environmental conditions +- Humidity: not sure - Outside temp: 5-11 degrees Celcius - Room temp: 18 – 22 degrees Celcius - PH tap water: 7-8 ### Recipe validation -Has recipe been validated? Yes +Has recipe been validated? -By Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020 +Yes, by Cecilia Raspanti, Textile Lab, Waag Amsterdam, 9 March 2020 ### Estimated cost (consumables) in local currency -2,56 Euros for a yield of approx 300 ml +1,10 Euros, for a yield of approx. 400 ml tanning liquid that is used once (cost of the liquid is about 3,30 euros but can be used at least 3 times, if not more). Fish skins can be obtained for free as waste from friendly local fish mongers. ## Copyright information ### This recipe is in the public domain (CC0) -Yes +Needs further research ### This recipe was previously published by someone else -Yes, in: **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/). +Yes, as **Fish Skin Tanning** from the 6-8th grade Heritage Kit Curriculum, by Chugachmiut Heritage Preservation, Anchorage, Alaska USA: [link](https://chugachheritageak.org/pdf/CLO_6-12%20_FISH_SKIN_TANNING_Final.pdf) ##References -- **The Secrets of Bioplastic** by Clara Davis (Fabtex, IAAC, Fab Lab Barcelona), 2017, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/the_secrets_of_bioplastic_). -- **The Bioplastics Cookbook: A Catalogue of Bioplastics Recipes** by Margaret Dunne for Fabtextiles, 2018, [link](https://issuu.com/nat_arc/docs/bioplastic_cook_book_3) -- **Bioresin (gelatin) Recipe** by Cecilia Raspanti (Textile Lab, Waag), Fabricademy Class "Biofabricating", 2019, [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/). +- **Fish Skin Tanning** from the 6-8th grade Heritage Kit Curriculum, by Chugachmiut Heritage Preservation, Anchorage, Alaska USA: [link](https://chugachheritageak.org/pdf/CLO_6-12%20_FISH_SKIN_TANNING_Final.pdf) +- **Interview with skin sewer June Pardue** by Anchorage Museum & Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center on Youtube, 16 January 2015: [link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GUf8Ao5vNY) +- **Making Leather from Fish Skins** by Eva Hopman, for Hunebed Café, n.d.: [link](https://www.hunebednieuwscafe.nl/2017/10/making-leather-from-fish-skin/) +- **Biofabricating Materials** by Cecilia Raspanti for Fabricademy 2019-2020: [link](https://class.textile-academy.org/classes/week05A/) + +### Images of final product + +*Tanned salmon skin (no colorant, glycerine softener), Loes Bogers, 2020* -## Images of final product +*Tanned salmon skin (no colorant, glycerine softener), Loes Bogers, 2020* -*Bioresin slab, Loes Bogers, 2020* +*Tanned salmon skin (no colorant, no softener), Loes Bogers, 2020* -*Bioresin slab, Loes Bogers, 2020* +*Tanned salmon skin (dyed with turmeric, no softener), Loes Bogers, 2020* -*Bioresin slab and half dome, Loes Bogers, 2020* +*Tanned salmon skin (dyed with turmeric, glycerine softener, Loes Bogers, 2020* diff --git a/docs/files/recipes/mangoleather.md b/docs/files/recipes/mangoleather.md index edb3005d97ad4312619f036fba9a251bc7d757e2..9b79d2913cdb89f64672c22fe8dee93b57ace4a7 100644 --- a/docs/files/recipes/mangoleather.md +++ b/docs/files/recipes/mangoleather.md @@ -108,13 +108,15 @@ The resin does not cure evenly across the surface, some might be negotiated by s ### Process -*Evaporating water until the liquid is thick like honey, Loes Bogers, 2020* +*Find some overripe mangos that would otherwise be trashed, Loes Bogers, 2020* -*Preparing molds for small half domes (egg cups), and a big slab (silicon mould and separate base), Loes Bogers, 2020* +*Cut up one mango, keep half the skin, Loes Bogers, 2020* -*Casting the resin (I had to put a weight on top to press the mold into the base and prevent leakage, Loes Bogers, 2020* +*Heating the puree, Loes Bogers, 2020* -*Putting the mold on its side next to open window to allow further drying from top and bottom, Loes Bogers, 2020* +*Dissolving the starch in some water, Loes Bogers, 2020* + +*Casted onto a previously oiled tray, Loes Bogers, 2020* ## 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Price | Image | Link | |-----|-----------------|---------|--------------------------|--------| | 1 | Biofoam | €0,50 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/biofoam/) | | 2 |Extra Flexible Foil| €0,78 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/biofoilextraflexible) | @@ -101,18 +101,18 @@ Anyone dedicated to biofabricating materials and some experience in at least one | 5 | Starch rubber | €2,26 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/biorubber) | | 6 | Biolinoleum | €0,78 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/biolino) | | 7 | Egg shell powder | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/eggshellpowder) | -| 8 | Alginate net | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/alginatenet) | -| 9 | Alginate foil | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/alginatefoil) | -| 10 | Alginate string | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/alginatestring) | -| 11 | Agar foil | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/agarfoil) | +| 8 | Alginate net | €0,57 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/alginatenet) | +| 9 | Alginate foil | €1,12 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/alginatefoil) | +| 10 | Alginate string | €0,57 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/alginatestring) | +| 11 | Agar foil | €0,50 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/agarfoil) | | 12 | Agar composite | €0,57 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/agarcomposite) | | 13 | Re-used PLA scraps | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/recycledPLA) | -| 14 | Alum crystal silk | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/alumcrystalsilk) | -| 15| Borax crystals | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/boraxcrystals) | +| 14 | Alum crystal silk | €2,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/alumcrystalsilk) | +| 15| Borax crystals | €2,25 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/boraxcrystals) | | 16| Kombucha SCOBY | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/kombuchascoby) | -| 17| Kombucha paper | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/kombuchapaper) | +| 17| Kombucha paper | €0,64 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/kombuchapaper) | | 18 | Overripe mango leather | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/mangoleather) | -| 19 | Tanned fish skin | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/fishskin) | +| 19 | Tanned fish skin | €1,10 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/fishskin) | | 20| Madder dye | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/madderdye) | | 21| Copper oxide | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/copperoxide) | | 22 | Red cabbage dye | €0,00 |  | [Recipe](../../files/recipes/cabbagedye) |