diff --git a/docs/files/ingredients/glycerine.md b/docs/files/ingredients/glycerine.md
index dbe0363c06dbdbf8cdd1b10f0c8c0857c4a7ca2c..bae221a2ad890ac4a7af1f2da942e9a24ea60a97 100644
--- a/docs/files/ingredients/glycerine.md
+++ b/docs/files/ingredients/glycerine.md
@@ -6,18 +6,20 @@
**What is it and how is it produced or sourced?**
-Glycerin is a sugar alcohol derived from animal products, plants or petroleum (as a by-product of biofuel). Vegetable glycerin is made by heating triglyceride-rich vegetable fats — such as palm, soy and coconut oils — under pressure, using heat, and/or together with a strong alkali, such as lye, which causes the glycerin to split away from the fatty acids and mix together with water, forming an odorless, sweet-tasting, syrup-like liquid. With necessary precaution you can make glycerine yourself.
+Glycerin is a sugar alcohol derived from animal products, plants or petroleum (as a by-product of biofuel). It can also be obtained from microalgae oils, and it can be recovered from used cooking oil. Not all of these are equally common however.
+
+Vegetable glycerin is made by heating triglyceride-rich vegetable fats — such as palm, soy and coconut oils — under pressure, using heat, and/or together with a strong alkali, such as lye, which causes the glycerin to split away from the fatty acids and mix together with water, forming an odorless, sweet-tasting, syrup-like liquid. During WWI and WWII, glycerine was produced by fermentation as well, but there routes have not been under-utilized by industry because it could not compete with chemical synthesis from petrochemical compounds.
+
+With necessary precaution you can make glycerine yourself.
**What are its possible functions in biofabricating?**
*e.g. plasticizer, filler, colorant, PH modifier, mordant, solvent, release agent, curing agent, softener, and so on*
-
-*example: dried and ground egg shells can be used as filler in bioplastics, to add strength and reduce shrinkage. *
-Vegetable glycerin softens and hydrates human skin, increasing smoothness and suppleness. It is often used in skincare and also works as a laxative. It has antimicrobial and antiviral properties. In biofabrication, it may act as:
+Vegetable glycerin softens and hydrates human skin, increasing smoothness and suppleness. It is often used in skincare and also works as a laxative. It has antimicrobial and antiviral properties. It has many possible functions (as many as 1583 uses have been listed by the Glycerine Producers Association in 1945), but here are a few that are particularly useful in biofabication:
- plasticizer for more flexible bioplastics
-- softener for alternative leather (e.g. fish leather)
+- moisturizer or softener in fish leather tanning (e.g. fish leather)
- additive for soap bubble mixes
- solvent for pigment extraction (not documented here)
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ PH value: 5
*How do you know if you are getting the right type (in nature/at the shop)? Or can you use any? For example, carbonate and bicarbonate soda are significantly different, but you may find it is referred to as "soda"*
-Look for glycerin(e) or glycerol. Smaller bottles are often more expensive. You might need to contact the supplier about the origins of the product if you want to know before. Choose a plant-based glycerine, it should state on the label what it is made of.
+Look for glycerin(e) or glycerol. In the U.S., glycerin(e) is a brand name for a purified variety of 95%, with glycerol being the principal component. In Europe, glycerol is more widely applied interchangeably. Smaller bottles are often more expensive. You might need to contact the supplier about the origins of the product if you want to know before. Choose a plant-based glycerine, it should state on the label what it is made of.
## Local abundance
@@ -56,15 +58,13 @@ In Portugal: less than 2000 km from site of use
*Type and amount of energy used to produce this ingredient, e.g. does it require a lot of water, heat, chemicals?*
-The production of glycerine requires heat and pressure, and sometimes strong alkali, like lye.
+The production of glycerine requires heat and pressure, and sometimes strong alkali, like lye. It it also a product of fermentation processes but this is less efficient and cannot yet compete with synthetic methods.
**Toxicity**
*Is this ingredient toxic to humans/animals?*
-No
-
-Some people have an allergic skin reaction to vegetable glycerine.
+No. But some people have an allergic skin reaction to vegetable glycerine.
**Distance from origin to site of use**
@@ -109,8 +109,9 @@ Needs more research
*Historically, what were the uses of this ingredient? In which contexts were these uses discovered? When? By whom? How did it travel to other places?*
-[Free text]
+Glycerine is closely linked to the life processes themselves, and is a component of all living cells. It occurs naturally in wine, beer, bread and other fermentation products of sugar and grains. It is found in nature as triglycerides (a combination of glycerine and fatty acids that make up almost any vegetable and animal fat or oil).
+Glycerine was discovered by accident in 1779 by K.W.Scheele. The Swedish chemist was heating olive oil and a lead monoxide, and he published his findings in 1783 in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sweden. His method which he called "the sweet principle of fat" was renamed into glycerine (from the Greek γλυκÏÏ‚ or glukus which means sweet) by M.E. Chevreul, who patented a new production method in 1823. Glycerine was of no economic significance until Alfred Nobel found the first worldwide technical application for it: for his invention of dynamite in 1866. It is said to have fueled industrial development of chemicals.
##Concerns
@@ -118,13 +119,17 @@ Needs more research
*may be cultural, health-wise, ecological, social, cultural, political, economical arguments*
-[Free text]
+The purity of glycerine is essential for some applications (e.g. in chemistry, cosmetics, and food grade glycerine). With the increase in biofuel production, the production of glycerine grew as well. Purifying glycerine however is a particularly energy intentive part of the production process. Perhaps further research could be done on the required purity of glycerine for use in bioplastics.
##References
*Please provide information to the references used*
+- **Environmental factsheet: Glycerol**, by the European Commission, n.d. [link](https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/BISO-EnvSust-Bioproducts-Glycerol_140930.pdf)
+- **Glycerol production by microbial fermentation: a review** by Zhengxiang Wang, Jian Zhuge, Huiying-Fang, Bernard A Prior, in Biotechnology Advances, Vol.19, Issue 3, June 2001, pp. 201-223: [link](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S073497500100060X)
+- **Glycerine: An Overview** by the Soap and Detergent Association, Glycerine & Oleochemical Division New York, 1990: [link](http://bit.ly/Zsg3u9)
+- **Nothing Takes The Place of Glycerine** by the Glycerine Producers Association, New York, 1949: [link](https://www.aciscience.org/docs/Nothing%20takes%20the%20place%20of%20glycerine.pdf)
- **What is vegetable glycerin? Uses, benefits and side effects** Alina Petre for Healthline, 19 December 2018: [link](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/vegetable-glycerin#what-it-is)
- **How to make glycerine from vegetable oil**, Sciencing.com, n.d. [link](https://sciencing.com/sources-of-organic-matter-in-soil-12347549.html)
- **Glycerol**, Wikipedia, n.d. [link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol)
diff --git a/docs/files/ingredients/linseedoil b/docs/files/ingredients/linseedoil
index 5f5a86063a82ba32e9ee697d7cfb8c12c084b976..239f5c8cf09700e7a90b8fb93ae42cdf4cdec296 100644
--- a/docs/files/ingredients/linseedoil
+++ b/docs/files/ingredients/linseedoil
@@ -18,3 +18,17 @@ Or boiled?????
OMG STOP IT NOW
https://www.curbly.com/6857-real-oilcloth-and-how-to-make-it
+
+
+
+Linseed oil and related oils are important components of useful products used in oil paints and related coatings. Linseed oil is rich in di- and tri-unsaturated fatty acid components, which tend to harden in the presence of oxygen. This heat-producing hardening process is peculiar to these so-called drying oils. It is caused by a polymerization process that begins with oxygen molecules attacking the carbon backbone
+
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride#Industrial_uses
+
+
+A drying oil is an oil that hardens to a tough, solid film after a period of exposure to air. The oil hardens through a chemical reaction in which the components crosslink (and hence, polymerize) by the action of oxygen (not through the evaporation of water or other solvents). Drying oils are a key component of oil paint and some varnishes. Some commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, tung oil, poppy seed oil, perilla oil, and walnut oil. Their use has declined over the past several decades, as they have been replaced by alkyd resins and other binders.
+
+Since oxidation is the key to curing in these oils, those that are susceptible to chemical drying are often unsuitable for cooking, and are also highly susceptible to becoming rancid through autoxidation, the process by which fatty foods develop off-flavors.[1] Rags, cloth, and paper saturated with drying oils may combust spontaneously (ignite) after a few hours as heat is released during the oxidation process.
+
+
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drying_oil
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/files/recipes/biorubber.md b/docs/files/recipes/biorubber.md
index a7c97321929781b7666b734423dc40688dcd17e2..2ee6154fbb46dd270790a5957bf890421759f958 100644
--- a/docs/files/recipes/biorubber.md
+++ b/docs/files/recipes/biorubber.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/B1zFfDPx7t4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
-A rubbery bioplastic based on gelatin and potato starch. This slab feels a bit like a rubber car tyre. It's strong but flexible and is less stiff then the gelatine-based biosilicone for example. It has a sour smell from the vinegar (this slowly fades but does not disappear completely).
+A rubbery bioplastic based on gelatin and potato starch. This slab feels a bit like a rubber. It's strong but flexible and is less stiff then the gelatine-based biosilicone for example. It has a sour smell from the vinegar, which slowly fades but does not disappear completely.
**Physical form**
@@ -29,17 +29,17 @@ Final form achieved after:7 days
###Ingredients
-* **Gelatine powder - 50 g **
+* **Gelatine powder - 50 g**
* Functions as polymeer (so it becomes a solid)
-* **Potato starch - 50 g **
+* **Potato starch - 50 g**
* Functions as the second polymeer (so it becomes a solid)
-* **Glycerine - 100 g **
+* **Glycerine - 100 g**
* Functions as plasticizer (makes it flexible).
* **Water - 100 ml/gr and a dash extra**
* To dissolve and mix the polymeer and plasticizer
* To dissolve and mix the corn starch before adding to the other liquid
-* **White vinegar - 15 g **
- * Vinegar is almost always added to starch-based biopolymers to change the molecular structure of the starch, making it stronger and more workable.
+* **White vinegar - 15 g**
+ * Vinegar is almost always added to starch-based biopolymers to change the molecular structure of the starch, making it stronger and more workable. It helps to disrupt the molecules further, resulting in a homogenous bioplastic.
###Tools
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ Not sure.
- Add **less glycerine** for a more rigid slab (50/50 polymers and plasticizers is considered the max)
- Reduce amount of gelatine or leave it out altogether
- **Stiffeners** such as fibres, yarn or natural debris may be added for more structure and reinforcement.
+- Try creating a starch-based polymer without gelatine to make this plastic vegan.
##ORIGINS & REFERENCES
@@ -250,6 +251,7 @@ incorporation of Engineering Practices**, by Richard Harris, Carla Ahrenstorff G
- **Seaweeds can be a new source of bioplastics** by Rajendran, N, Sharanya Puppala, Sneha Raj M., Ruth Angeeleena B., and Rajam, C. in Journal of Pharmacy Research, 12 March 2012: [link](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258495452_Seaweeds_can_be_a_new_source_for_bioplastics)
- **Recipes for Material Activism** by Miriam Ribul, via Issuu, 2014:[link](https://issuu.com/miriamribul/docs/miriam_ribul_recipes_for_material_a).
- **Research Book Bioplastics** by Juliette Pepin, via Issuu, 2014:[link](https://issuu.com/juliettepepin/docs/bookletbioplastic)
+-
diff --git a/docs/files/recipes/fishskin.md b/docs/files/recipes/fishskin.md
index f0615af631ae816a8d93a9c1690af16e28228597..1ebd69d1d6525107dee1feb0c4a4f8d06cac2c60 100644
--- a/docs/files/recipes/fishskin.md
+++ b/docs/files/recipes/fishskin.md
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Final form achieved after: 1 week
* helps to penetrate the skin
* optional: substitute part of the alcohol with a mix of alcohol and a natural alcohol-based ink)
* **Glycerine** - 200 ml
- * acts as an oil
+ * to maintain moisture content in the skin, avoid excess drying.
* **Dish washing soap (eco)** - 5 ml
diff --git a/docs/projects/ingredients.md b/docs/projects/ingredients.md
index ece7d7367944a3c4aaa7acb7963edeec2c22f4c8..a44c1dd4ac136b6f31e8fc98d5a1af9eb51613f1 100644
--- a/docs/projects/ingredients.md
+++ b/docs/projects/ingredients.md
@@ -11,27 +11,27 @@ With these 40 ingredients you can list all the 25 recipes suggested as a materia
| Nr | Ingredient | Approx. Price | Supplier | Notes |
|-----|-------|---------|--------|------|
-| 1 | Denatured alcohol 96% | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 2 | Potato starch | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 3 | Glycerine | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 4 | Gelatine powder | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 5 | Agar powder | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 6 | Bees wax | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 7 | Sodium Alginate| €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 8 | Calcium chloride | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 9 | White vinegar | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 10 | Citric acid | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 11 | Salt | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 12 | Soda ash (carbonate soda) | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 13 | Dishwashing soap | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 14 | Raw kombucha | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 15 | Black tea | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 16 | Sugar| €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 17 | Alum | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 18 | Borax (sodium tetraborate) | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 19 | Madder roots (dried) | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 20 | Water | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
-| 21 | Sunflower oil | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
+| 1 | Denatured alcohol 96% | €6 per 1L | [Orphi](https://www.drogist.nl/orphi-alcohol-96-gedenat-5-en-methan-1000ml.htm) | this version has 5% methanol |
+| 2 | Potato starch | €0,50 per 200 g | Honig or other brand found in any supermarket | produced in Europe |
+| 3 | Glycerine | €10 per 1L | [Chempropack for Orphi](https://www.deonlinedrogist.nl/drogist/chempropack-glycerine-123.htm) or search for "Glycerine 1.23 chempropack" | foodgrade (E422), vegetable-based, produced in Portugal |
+| 4 | Gelatine powder | €27 per 1 kg | [Dr Oetker or Jacob Hooy for 1 kg packages](https://www.bouwhuis.com/dr-oetker-prof-gelatinepoeder-1kg) or search for "gelatine powder 1kg" | also available at wholesalers like Sligro |
+| 5 | Agar powder | € 72 per 1 kg] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
+| 6 | Bees wax | € 35 per 1 kg | [Wiertz](https://www.superfoodstore.nl/drogisterij/overig-huishoudelijk/wiertz-bijenwas-zuiver-1-kg?search_query=bijenwas&results=645) or search for "pure bees wax" | other types may be fine, need to be tested |
+| 7 | Sodium Alginate| €15 per 300 gr | [Unique Products](https://www.unique-products.nl/qr_alginate.html) | at wholesalers like sligro or cooking shops. Other types of sodium alginate could be researched further |
+| 8 | Calcium chloride | € 6 per 500 g | [Brandless](https://www.werkenmetmerken.nl/nl/calciumchloride_poeder_food_grade/p/47859/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw4dr0BRCxARIsAKUNjWS_6b7zZZuTGeBrYNpcCWrEiLdMfli2Lipr8VFhCHWqDCQq6K4MRE8aAo9AEALw_wcB#75469) | this is food grade, but it is a desiccant that **can be dangerous to health in high concentrations. Do not ingest!** Wear gloves |
+| 9 | White vinegar | €0,50 per 1,5L | [any homebrand at supermarket or grocery store, e.g.](https://www.jumbo.com/jumbo-witte-natuurazijn-1,-5l/137400FLS/) | or any other 4-8% vinegar with a PH of around 3 (too acidic can kill microbes in e.g. kombucha recipes) |
+| 10 | Citric acid | € 7 per 1 kg | [usually brandless, e.g.](https://www.natuurproduct.com/a-45323177-4066077/meel-bakmiddel/citroenzuur/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw4dr0BRCxARIsAKUNjWRLZUF25Uj4MQnHTFJ0iTntPDmHbUjCnNsdJww_YGBe2UKfq7xiQt8aAj7NEALw_wcB#description) or can be found in asian super markets | smaller packages best found in asian supermarkets|
+| 11 | Kitchen salt | €0,50 per 1 KG | [Any brand](https://www.bouwhuis.com/keukenzout-1kg?gclid=Cj0KCQjw4dr0BRCxARIsAKUNjWQtGd6xkDv9Taij7Zg0OW7bg3lZwScrN0lQPIg4OT3rbFxGo5NbGSsaAmyBEALw_wcB) or plain kitchen salt from supermarket | plain salt formula is NaCl |
+| 12 | Soda ash (carbonate soda, washing soda) | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Greenhub via Ekoplaza](https://www.ekoplaza.nl/producten/product/wassoda) or search for "carbonate soda, soda ash or in Dutch: natriumcarbonaat or huishoudsoda" | Na2C03 (or E500) is carbonate soda and is used for cleaning. Bicarbonate soda or baking powder is NOT the same |
+| 13 | Dishwashing soap | €2 per 450 ml | [e.g. Ecover](https://www.ah.nl/producten/product/wi434053/ecover-afwasmiddel-zero) or any eco dishwashing soap | smells will transfer to the bioplastic |
+| 14 | Raw kombucha | €3 per 300 ml | [YaYa Original Kombucha](https://www.ekoplaza.nl/producten/product/kombucha-original) | or any kombucha drink with raw culture in it (should say so on the packaging). You can also buy a SCOBY from a brewer directly |
+| 15 | Black tea | €2 per 50 bags | [Pickwick](https://www.plus.nl/product/pickwick-english-zwarte-thee-pot-voordeelpak-doos-50-stuks-739934) | any plain black (ceylon, english breakfast tea) or green tea will do. Flavouring (e.g. earl grey often contains oils) and does not work well |
+| 16 | Sugar| €1 per 1.5 KG | [brandless](https://www.plus.nl/product/neutraal-suiker-zak-1500-gram-867669) | plain white (organic) sugar is best |
+| 17 | Alum | € 9 per 1 KG | [Orphi](https://www.deweegschaal.nl/orphi/aluin-1000g?channable=e72547.MTEyODk2OQ&utm_campaign=tradetracker&utm_content=&utm_source=tradetracker&utm_medium=CPS&utm_term=&s2m_channel=34&s2m_exclickid=1537697%3A%3A183960%3A%3ACj0KCQjw4dr0BRCxARIsAKUNjWRqRUOeOdiVoK2FEOSw0F80flvrCgfomVWKThQGQlH2QRTh.-i2YD4aAq3KEALw.wcB%3A%3A%3A%3A1586971657&s2m_exaffid=183960) or search for "Alum, Potash alum or potassium aluminium sulphate" | in Dutch often sold as "Aluin" crystals |
+| 18 | Borax (sodium tetraborate) | €11 per 1 kg | [Werken met merken](https://www.werkenmetmerken.nl/nl/borax_poeder/p/23486/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw4dr0BRCxARIsAKUNjWQK6bJAQ13xEx5UmCLLXArHrVs_98qzUfZ-htLHfWrl7gTkovjerpAaAqPQEALw_wcB#39271) or search for "borax or sodium tetraborate" | in Dutch: "natriumtetraboraat", this is NOT the same as boric acid! |
+| 19 | Madder roots (dried) | € 35 per 1 KG | [Meervilt](https://www.meervilt.nl/winkel/verven/natuurlijk-verven/meekrap/) or search for "madder roots, or rubia tinctorum" | in Dutch: "meekrap wortel, gedroogd"|
+| 20 | Water | €0,00 per 1L | [Dutch tap water](https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/drinkwater/vraag-en-antwoord/hoe-is-de-kwaliteit-van-het-drinkwater-in-nederland) | of course this is not free. Dutch tap water currently costs about 0,00064 euros per L and is considered to be very high quality. If unsure, use demineralized water for your recipes (found at drug stores)|
+| 21 | Sunflower oil | € 1,5 per 1L | [Any brand](https://www.deen.nl/product/g-woon-zonnebloemolie-1-liter) or find at super market in the oil isle | or try other vegetable oils |
| 22 | Cloves | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
| 23 | Pure silk | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |
| 24 | Yarn | €0,00 per [UNIT] | [Supplier name](URL) or search for "[insert key terms]" | add notes here |