diff --git a/docs/assignments/week06.md b/docs/assignments/week06.md index 50b9d0e0d086f12ecef61e2d9558b82bec354d7a..49e0de39e74d44dc511c188d3da519297c7636c4 100644 --- a/docs/assignments/week06.md +++ b/docs/assignments/week06.md @@ -1,14 +1,21 @@ #6. Biomaterials +*Warning: this is a long read. We did a crazy amount of techniques this week. The keyphrase this week: + +> Eggs eggs eggs! All I want is eggs! +> – [Trixie Mattel & Ginger Minj](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE2Kp4GVBPs)) + ##Results and conclusions This week, we cooked and cast gelatin-based bioresin, biofoil and biofoam, and agar-based biofoil, as well as gelatin/agar-based biofoil. Using a variation of color additives and fillers (rice starch, wheat starch, tapioca, ground egg shells) We prepared alginate plastic that we cured with calcium chloride, and lastly we grew some mycelium that we hope to cure and dry into fake leather (not vegan though!). +My favourites? The egg shell foam, my alginate earring and button (and piercing and hand stitchingalginate in general). And the *process*! What a sensual week this was. I did not know what I wanted from these unfamiliar goos and mushes so felt a little lost, but eventually embraced and appreciated the fact I did not need to control the output for this week, just play, explore, and document findings. +  -*Conclusions:* +*Conclusions and more questions/urges* * Making/growing materials is not like making instant soup. It takes a good amount of time and each period or gesture requires dedication, due consideration, and careful observation (I found out after the fact, unfortunately). * Time is like a box of chocolates: you never know what you're going to get or: how my voluptuous, satisfying blobs turned into dry wrinkled raisins (with some exceptions!) @@ -16,8 +23,7 @@ We prepared alginate plastic that we cured with calcium chloride, and lastly we * I am now known as the left-over queen (and couldn't cast a bioplastic sheet to save my life) * Biofoam with egg filler was my best surprise move this week * Making a bioplastic bottle appear out of an erlenmeyer bottle is a pretty good party trick -* Forget cookies and cream: *cabbage & cream* is the word -* Blue is still the warmest color. +* Further research urges: practice casting larger sheets so I can give myself surfaces and options to further craft with. Larger egg shell foams (formulate a non-potluck recipe). Making some of materials conductive, then insulating the conductive materials with alginate plastic. ##Context and biomaterials basics @@ -209,7 +215,7 @@ You can keep adding liquid and heat and keep manipulating gelatine-based plastic **Casting and releasing** I cast into petri dishes. The thinner samples both with and without egg shells were rather hard to release. They need longer or they get a bit damaged in handling (which happened to the plain foam one). The thicker one came out pretty soon and pretty easily. -Damaging the foam a little might be a factor in keeping it a little more flat though. It breaks the integrity of the surface so perhaps releases some tension when the material starts shrinking. That's my hypothesis anyway. +Damaging the foam a little might be a factor in keeping it a little more flat though. It breaks the integrity of the surface so perhaps releases some tension when the material starts shrinking. That's my hypothesis anyway. This reminds me a bit of what people do when they make *flexures* or *living hinges* from rigid sheet material. They carve it strategically so e.g. wood or acrylic can bend. People 3D print them too, so why not casting them? See e.g. [here](https://www.matterhackers.com/news/living-hinge:--design-guidelines-and-material-selection), [here](https://www.core77.com/posts/66075/How-to-Design-Living-Hinges) and [here](https://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/six-examples-of-non-polypropylene-living-hinges). **Shrinkage without filler** @@ -296,53 +302,233 @@ Brittle and rigid, very little flexibility. The tapioca sample dried a lot slowe ##Alginate Plastics -##Growing Mycelium +Alginate plastic is bioplastic that is heat resistant up to 150 degrees celcius. It can be made using the technique of *spherification* – where you drop liquid that contains sodium alginate into a calcium chloride bath, resulting in perfect balls if that's what you're after. Or through *reverse spherification* – where a high acid/alcohol/calcium mixture is dripped into a sodium alginate bath, typically resulting in blobs. But this all depends on your recipe I guess. Related techniques, using the same two components: + +1. sodium alginate/water/glycerine +1. calcium chloride (curing agent) + +The technique was developed by Unilver in the 1950s(!) as a cooking technique (think: bubble tea!), and popularized in the molecular gastronomy experiments by Adrian Ferra at El Bulli ([source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherification). We use it to make plastic! Righty-o :) + +**Recipe/procedure** + +Mix the alginate with water and glycerine using a blender or hand held mixer (different ratios depending on the recipe, see amounts below). Prepare colors in a jar and add colors to each if you want. Let the mixture rest overnight to let the bubbles settle, you can keep it for about 2 weeks in the fridge. Mix the calcium chloride (10%) with water (90%) and put in a spray bottle or wide dish. + +**Casting, releasing** + +Fill a small spray bottle with a mixture of 10% calcium chloride and water. Spray calcium chloride onto (textured) surfaces or molds, and cast the mixture on top, spray some more to let it cure. Rinse in water and let dry. It will shrink a lot so play with ways of draying to get different effects. + +Releasing is not an issue whatsoever. The film that is created in the chemical reacting will make the plastic separate instantly. The alginate cures with the slightest encounter with calcium chloride, so spreading it takes some skill. Also combining materials is not so easy. When trying to weld different materials together after curing (one), it first needs to be thoroughly rinsed and dried. + +*Diary of a leftover queen* + +At a certain point I got a bit lost. I wasn't so sure what I wanted from this material. I kind of like the process but was a bit steerless. We also got to a point where we ran out of mixture so I'd have to decide to make more (without knowing what to do, or just leave it at this). My last move was just going through the lab and cleaning our literally every mixing jar and seeing what that would lead to. + +I harvested some lovely organlike bits by scraping leftovers out with my gloved finger (covered in curing agent). I also rescued a beautiful thin piece of black film from a bottle, and finally managed to pull an entire bottle from an erlenmeyer while keeping it intact. It can even hold water! + +**Drying** + +Prepare for a wet mess. The alginate keeps releasing water for a long time, so your samples will be bathing in a puddle for a while when drying. I moved them onto kitchen paper on top of baking paper to protect the floor they were on. The constant release of water will continue to stain EVERYTHING if you use food coloring in the alginate. The red food coloring we used was everywhere all of a sudden if you don't pay attention. + +The casts go from voluptuous shapes to rather wrinkly shrunken samples. Except when you cast more voluminous sphere-like blobs (such as this white one that I imprinted with a wooden textile stamp). But this will probably change as it continues to dry, it still feels cold and wet. To be continued in the future. The red blobs that look like intestines and stomachs were very plum in the beginning but dried up a lot and became hard and rigid eventually. + + +**Ingredients alginate biofoil #1:** + +* 12.5g alginate +* 30g glycerine +* 400 ml water +* additive: chinese black ink (soot). + +*For the curing agent:* +* 10 ml sodium chloride hydrate +* 100 ml water + +This shrinks a lot but can be cast into thin sheets. This black beauty was so nice! When casted thinly it is remains transparent but the thicker samples are fully opque and gorgeous. Sphere-like blobs keep a bit of shine. The others just turn raisin. + +*Some samples using biofoil #1, Loes Bogers, 2019* + +I tried combining a round blob of black beauty with some of the alkanet foil by pressing the lighter drops into the black blob. They were attached with a thin string that broke quickly. But the blob got a very nice organic voluptuous shape with holes. I saw a button in it! + +I also tried merging some black strings with alkanet but it was a hot mess that came aparts so quick. Rinsing and drying well before trying to do this is probably a better idea but I didn't get to it. + +**Additives used:** + +* food coloring (red) \> *stain alert!!* +* soot ink (black) +* acrylic paint (bronze metallic and blue/green colors) +* natural ink: alkanet (faded purple) +* and then I also experimented a bit with putting food coloring in the dye bath (red and yellow, leaving subtle hues on the lighter opaque plastics). + + +**Ingredients alginate biofoil #2:** + +* 8g alginate +* 20g glycerine +* 200 ml water +* additives: bronze metallic acrylic paint and natural alkanet ink + +*For the curing agent:* +* 10 ml sodium chloride hydrate +* 100 ml water + +This is a thicker, less liquid recipe that however also shrinks loads. The alkanet gave a very subtle hue. The bronze metallic acrylic gave a beautiful shine where others faded and got matte as they dried. + +*Some samples using biofoil #2, Loes Bogers, 2019* + + +**Ingredients alginate bio*plastic* #3:** + +* 12g alginate +* 20g glycerine +* 10g sunflower oil (both for elasticity and as filler to prevent shrinkage) +* 200 ml water +* colorants: red food coloring and blue acrylic paint as colorants. We also made a batch without any colorants (turned yellowish transparent). +* additives: I made one batch with ground egg shells, that I also dyed with avocado/water ink. + +*For the curing agent:* +* 10 ml sodium chloride hydrate +* 100 ml water + +For thicker sheet foils. Shrank quite a bit but it seems pretty strong. The red food coloring was not mixed very evenly, which gave nice gradients! It also kept releasing the colorant with the water, leaving stains on everything when drying. The blue acrylic paint did not stain during the drying process. + +*Some samples using bio**plastic** #3, Loes Bogers, 2019* + +The transparent foil mix worked quite beautifully for me. I casted onto ridged silicon and textured surfaces that left a beautiful imprint also after shrinking. It turned very rigid and strong. The textures play very nicely with the light. + +*Transparent samples with texture, bio**plastic** #3, Loes Bogers, 2019* +One nice experiment was a thick blob I made that I imprinted an image onto using a wooden stamp (I sprayed the stamp, not the mixture). It is still curing but very voluptuous and the definition of the imprint holds quite well. +*White blob imprinted with wooden stamp, Loes Bogers, 2019* +I also dropped a blob into some calcium chloride that I'd colored using some food coloring in red and yellow. The red was very subtle and disappeared, but the yellow held quite well. It could be nice to create some depth in coloring by using different dyes in the alginate mixture and in the calcium bath. To be continued. +*Drop cured in a yellow bath using bio**plastic** #3, Loes Bogers, 2019* +Lastly, I used a bit of the white mixture and added a bit of egg shell powder as a filler. I left some natural and added some avocado and water ink to the other (this one started to cure a bit in the mixing pot, perhaps this is a bit too alkaline already?). + +The flat grayish sample (avo colored) is very strong and flexible. You can pull at it pretty hard and it gives a little but doesn't break easily. The other two brownish ones get their color from the egg shells (that came from slightly brown eggs). These have a bit more volume and are more sphere like. They're still cold and moist squishy pillows. They all shrank a lot but way less than all the alginate plastics without fillers. I'm going to start an eggshell business. + + +**Bonus batch #0** + +There were also left overs from a very liquid bonus batch Cecilia had made to stiffen and form textile flowers. I think it was similar to the first recipe but with more water. + +*Some samples using biofoil #0, Loes Bogers, 2019* + +I loved playing with this batch! I made beauuuuutiful temporary pearl necklaces. Sadly they shrank into raisin strings before I could take a picture to pretend this could actually be a product ;) Because this one was very liquid it was also very agile and formed more uneven shapes. Of course the water also makes it shrink. If these pearls could last an evening I'd wear them though. + + + +###Alginate findings and results + +*The sweet spot in the drying process* + +I was a bit unsuccessful in making sheets so played more with blobs and things. There's a sweet spot in the curing process where I started piercing some samples to see if I could use them as buttons, sequins, beads etcetera. If you do this too early the goo will still come out, and if you wait too long the plastic is already too hard. When it's still a bit squishy you can poke it with a needle, or hand stitch with some thread, maybe even machine stitch. Very satisfying, and I think there's some opportunities here for manipulating the plastic using all sorts of techniques. Perhaps you could construct garments halfway through and let them dry up and shapeshift into unexpected results. + +[*A button and pendants with organic shapes, hand stitched flat sheet, Loes Bogers, 2019*] + + +##Growing Mycelium or: surfing the Wood Wide Web + +In this crazy packed week, we also went back to the biolab where Maud and Sarah presented their work on growing Mycelium. Thanks girls! Really awesome research. + +**Mycelium basics: the Internet of the forest** + +So Mycelium is not the name of a fungus, but the general name for fungal roots. Good to know. When growing this you want to try grow only roots, and not have them grown into shrooms. The procedure for inoculating is not dissimilar from the process of inoculating bacteria for pigment in the biochromes week. Keep it sterile so you know what you are growing. + +It is also known as the internet of the forest because of its role in connecting trees and shrubs, transmitting nutrients and information ([source](https://garnense.com/en/inspiration/mycelium-wood-wide-web)). Say what?! Ok mycelium, you have my attention. + +Mycelium as a material can become very dense. When dried it becomes compact and rigid, and could act as a glue for a composite material. + +**Feed it** + +Mycelium likes food waste, mostly fiberous stuff, like coffee, vegetables, nutrient agar, or also a liquid nutrient broth made with malt, yeast, peptone and glucose (see recipe below). Maud and Sara learned that it doesn't really like dog food. Just so you know. Using a liquid growth medium makes it much easier to "harvest" the mycelium in a clean way. + +*Nutrient broth for not-vegan(!) fleather* + +* 3g malt extract +* 3g yeast extract +* 5g peptone +* 10g glucose (white sugar) +* 1000ml Amsterdam tap water (or distilled water) + +*Note for vegans/veggies:* + +Although this was listed under a recipe for vegan leather. It's not strictly vegan depending on your definition. The peptone is enzymatic digest from fresh beef meat. Peptone is dusty! Take care not to breath it in. Especially if you are a vegetarian or vegan. + +**Mycelium types alive at our lab** + +* tempeh +* gray oyster +* schizophylum mycelium + +In inoculated some gray oyster onto coffee grounds and some schizo (grown into agar) into the broth. + +A clean mycelium tends to be more white when growing it. After plasticizing and drying in the oven it will be brownish. + +**Procedure** + +We mixed all ingredients for the broth and poured it into large petri dishes that we sterilized in the pressure cooker with the food inside. With autoclave tape of course. + +We then inoculated the mycelium inside a sterile bubble (see biochrome week about biolab basics). Bits of a square cm of the surface is fine. Put 2 bits into a small petri dish, or 4 or more into a larger one. Trying to only take bits of mycelium and not take whole chunks of agar was my challenge that day. Also try not to drown the mycelium in the broth by moving it around too much. + +We'll see how it turns out. After a week you can see if it's growing. After two weeks it's probably finished its food and you can add more. + +Seal with parafilm and incubate for 5-10 days. You can add more food with a sterile syringe (squeeze it underneath the mycelium) after 5-10 days to continue growing it. + +**Plasticizing** + +Harvest the mycelium by taking it out of the broth and laying it on top of some plastic film. Pour a bit of glycerine (or other elasticizer on) and rub it in on both sides. Press it if it's not flat. Then leave it for 24-48 hours to let the glycerine do its work. + +**Drying** +Rinse off the plasticizer and let it dry in the oven at 90-150 degrees celcius for several hours. And you might just be rewarded with a beautiful brandy colored fleather patch, suede-like and soft, hmmmm. + +![]()*Example of mycelium fleather grown by Maud and Sara, 2019* + + +##References and inspiration from lecture ###Algae inspiration -Eric Klarenbeek & Maartje Dros - Algae plastic 3D print filament +**Eric Klarenbeek & Maartje Dros** - Algae plastic 3D print filament -Austeja Platukyte - Foodsafe Algae packaging (fully compostable) +**Austeja Platukyte** - Foodsafe Algae packaging (fully compostable) -Amam - Bioplastics and agar packaging (90% of plastics are packaging) +**Amam** - Bioplastics and agar packaging (90% of plastics are packaging) -Margarita Follert - Alginate top, packaging in natural colors +**Margarita Follert** - Alginate top, packaging in natural colors -Carolyn Raff - agar beads: casted, cut and used for embroidery. She also makes amazing textures and patterns. +**Carolyn Raff** - agar beads: casted, cut and used for embroidery. She also makes amazing textures and patterns. -Jasmine Linington - alginate sequins (somewhat waterproof, but not soapproof, soap tends to be too alkaline). +**Jasmine Linington** - alginate sequins (somewhat waterproof, but not soapproof, soap tends to be too alkaline). -Stephanie Santos - agar composite and gold leaf. She used bioplastics as glue instead of sewn seams. +**Stephanie Santos** - agar composite and gold leaf. She used bioplastics as glue instead of sewn seams. -Catherine Euale - alginate top, lasercut. +**Catherine Euale** - alginate top, lasercut. ###Gelatine inspiration -Miriam Ribul - bioplastics, check out her [issuu book!](https://issuu.com/miriamribul/docs/miriam_ribul_recipes_for_material_a/7) - -Juliette Pepin - amazing analysis of different bioplastics. Nice description and comparisons between the materials. Check out her documentation [here](https://issuu.com/juliettepepin/docs/bookletbioplastic) +**Miriam Ribul** - bioplastics, check out her [issuu book!](https://issuu.com/miriamribul/docs/miriam_ribul_recipes_for_material_a/7) +** +Juliette Pepin** - amazing analysis of different bioplastics. Nice description and comparisons between the materials. Check out her documentation [here](https://issuu.com/juliettepepin/docs/bookletbioplastic) -Aagje Hoekstra - Coleoptera (insect shells and bioplastics) +**Aagje Hoekstra** - Coleoptera (insect shells and bioplastics) -Mayan Pesach - Food waste mixed with gelatin, creating beautiful colors! +**Mayan Pesach** - Food waste mixed with gelatin, creating beautiful colors! -Textile Lab Amsterdam - Material archive +**Textile Lab Amsterdam** - Material archive -Maria Viftrup - gradient going from bio-silicon to bio-resin. To study how materials react to one another where they meet. +**Maria Viftrup** - gradient going from bio-silicon to bio-resin. To study how materials react to one another where they meet. -Maria Viftrup - dye your plastics with bacterial dye! +**Maria Viftrup** - dye your plastics with bacterial dye! -Tessa & Maria @Textile Lab Amsterda - Fish scale plastics: food waste, fish skin, scales, bones and pigments. Super durable. +**Tessa & Maria @Textile Lab Amsterda** - Fish scale plastics: food waste, fish skin, scales, bones and pigments. Super durable. -Clara Davis - Laser cut bags and booklet made with modular stitches, no seams. Also made a booklet! +**Clara Davis** - Laser cut bags and booklet made with modular stitches, no seams. Also made a booklet! -Great Dalessandro - bioplastic dress that changes over time, based on the lifespan of each material. Fades and decomposes layer by layer. +**Great Dalessandro** - bioplastic dress that changes over time, based on the lifespan of each material. Fades and decomposes layer by layer. ###Questions and tips: @@ -364,106 +550,106 @@ It smells a bit like honey and vinegar mixed. Things get stinky when you grow bi ####Kombucha inspiration! -Suzanne Lee - Microbial Leather 3D moulded top and jackets. GORGEOUS! Stamped patterns with bio-inks. So nice. +**Suzanne Lee** - Microbial Leather 3D moulded top and jackets. GORGEOUS! Stamped patterns with bio-inks. So nice. <iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/86436024?color=6c6e95&title=0&byline=0" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowfullscreen></iframe> -Kwasaki Kazuya - kombucha mixed with digital fabrication. Created a jacket, 3D scanned it, CNC'd a mold and grew kombuha on top of it, for it to grow in the 3D shape directly. Whoa! +**Kwasaki Kazuya** - kombucha mixed with digital fabrication. Created a jacket, 3D scanned it, CNC'd a mold and grew kombuha on top of it, for it to grow in the 3D shape directly. Whoa! -Moya Hoke - Green tea kombucha suit. She made a molding tray in the shape of a suit! Hilarious. Haha. Made of *coated* metal, would not work in uncoated metal. +**Moya Hoke** - Green tea kombucha suit. She made a molding tray in the shape of a suit! Hilarious. Haha. Made of *coated* metal, would not work in uncoated metal. -Sammy Jobbins - lasercut structure. +**Sammy Jobbins** - lasercut structure. -Zionium - green and black tea wallet. Semitransparent so you can see within your wallet! Lovely contrast stitching, really looks and feels like leather. But if you stitch this, moisture can access the material. Hmmm. +**Zionium** - green and black tea wallet. Semitransparent so you can see within your wallet! Lovely contrast stitching, really looks and feels like leather. But if you stitch this, moisture can access the material. Hmmm. -Emma van der Leest - kombucha and pigments bag for Biocouture London. Laser cut and laser engraved, speckled with powdered pigments to color the surface before drying. +**Emma van der Leest** - kombucha and pigments bag for Biocouture London. Laser cut and laser engraved, speckled with powdered pigments to color the surface before drying. -Emma Sicher - kombuch and food waste, e.g. little sugar bags. +**Emma Sicher** - kombucha and food waste, e.g. little sugar bags. -Barbara Arteaga - Kombucher: electrospinning machine, to spin cellulose from kombucha instead of growing it in layers. +**Barbara Arteaga** - Kombucher: electrospinning machine, to spin cellulose from kombucha instead of growing it in layers. ###Fish skin leather (spoiler alert: not an innovation) The Inuits have been working with this forever. Hundreds of years of experiments with local materials happening there. Boom. Be aware of your surroundings, see what is already easily found around you. -Maria Hees - carp leather dyed and naturally tanned. Tanning chemicals tend to be very polluting. Can be done with tea, bark and nuts or tara pulver, whatever contains large amounts of tannins. +**Maria Hees** - carp leather dyed and naturally tanned. Tanning chemicals tend to be very polluting. Can be done with tea, bark and nuts or tara pulver, whatever contains large amounts of tannins. -Nienke Hoogvliet - salmon skin stool. Leather is probably stronger than the metal frame. +**Nienke Hoogvliet** - salmon skin stool. Leather is probably stronger than the metal frame. -Nienke Hoogviet - laser cut salmon leather sequins +**Nienke Hoogviet** - laser cut salmon leather sequins -Jurii Kasao - jelly fish leather dried on 3D mould into the shape of a bag. +**Jurii Kasao** - jelly fish leather dried on 3D mould into the shape of a bag. ###Mycelium leather -Vegan leather: very soft and thin material. Thickness depends on amount of substrates and how long you let it grow. Also a recipe for a composite. +****: very soft and thin material. Thickness depends on amount of substrates and how long you let it grow. Also a recipe for a composite. -Maurizio Montalti - mycelium leather bag & shoes (high pressurized). +**Maurizio Montalti** - mycelium leather bag & shoes (high pressurized). -Maurizio Montalti - Mogu: Industry of natural processes +**Maurizio Montalti **- Mogu: Industry of natural processes -Aniela Hoitink - Mycelium Dress. Patches grown in petri dishes. No seams +**Aniela Hoitink** - Mycelium Dress. Patches grown in petri dishes. No seams -Gradozero - Muskin (mycelium leather). It feels amazing, like a thick suede: hairy and smelling good. +**Gradozero** - Muskin (mycelium leather). It feels amazing, like a thick suede: hairy and smelling good. -Mycoworks - Check out their [resources page!](https://www.mycoworks.com/resources-1) +**Mycoworks** - Check out their [resources page!](https://www.mycoworks.com/resources-1) ###Fruit leather Starting with food waste. Rotterdam students went to market and looked at stuff disposed at supermarkets. Often vendors have to pay to dispose of e.g. fish waste. Also for fruit waste. -Fruit leather Rotterdam - samples and concept bag +**Fruit leather Rotterdam** - samples and concept bag -Aurore Bourguignon - Fabtextiles - coffeewaste bag +**Aurore Bourguignon** - Fabtextiles - coffeewaste bag -Barbara Sanchez - Fabtextiles booklet on issue +**Barbara Sanchez** - Fabtextiles booklet on issue ###Algae leather Using algae without turning it into powder first. -Violaine Buet - the master of algae leathers and seaweed layers. Woven algae strips into fabrics. +**Violaine Bue**t - the master of algae leathers and seaweed layers. Woven algae strips into fabrics. -Tjeerd Veenhoven - Algae fibers and yarn. Algae covering sea in China so the light could not come through. This is not great for the sealife below the surface. Let's take out the algae and use it. +**Tjeerd Veenhove**n - Algae fibers and yarn. Algae covering sea in China so the light could not come through. This is not great for the sealife below the surface. Let's take out the algae and use it. -Julia Lohmann - leather stretched into architecture. She stretches it out onto large constructions, masks, collargs etc. She uses giant algae, and treats/tans them the way you would leather. +**Julia Lohmann** - leather stretched into architecture. She stretches it out onto large constructions, masks, collargs etc. She uses giant algae, and treats/tans them the way you would leather. -Nina Edwards Anker - Chlorophyta algae dried into shape, crunched up transucent lamp shades by Studio Nea. Lovely. +**Nina Edwards Anker** - Chlorophyta algae dried into shape, crunched up transucent lamp shades by Studio Nea. Lovely. ###High-tech lab grown materials -Lab grown skin - "Pure Human", Tina Gorjanc made bags grown from Alexander McQueen's skin. +**Lab grown skin** - "Pure Human", Tina Gorjanc made bags grown from Alexander McQueen's skin. -Modern Meadow - Zoa's lab grown leather. Apparently very nice. +**Modern Meadow** - Zoa's lab grown leather. Apparently very nice. -Elisa Brunato - cellulose extraction sequins. Beautiful! Uses crytallization of cellulose to create reflective material, where cellulose turns into crystals that act as a prism diffracting light. +**Elisa Brunato** - cellulose extraction sequins. Beautiful! Uses crytallization of cellulose to create reflective material, where cellulose turns into crystals that act as a prism diffracting light. ###Silks -Simon Peers and Nicholas Godley - silk spun by spiders from Madagascar, dyed, woven into a cape. +**Simon Peers and Nicholas Godley **- silk spun by spiders from Madagascar, dyed, woven into a cape. Spider silk is also done by Adidas (industrially engineered, so not natural collected by spiders). -Bolt Threads' Spider silk - industrially engineered spider silk. +**Bolt Threads' Spider silk **- industrially engineered spider silk. ##Cooperation with nature -Tamara Orjola - Forest wool (pine tree fibres), made of "tree waste", the tree sheds them anyway. They can be softened and spun into yarn or by felting it. +**Tamara Orjola** - Forest wool (pine tree fibres), made of "tree waste", the tree sheds them anyway. They can be softened and spun into yarn or by felting it. -Carole Collet - Domesticated Roots (lace-like root structures). I love love love this project so much. +**Carole Collet** - Domesticated Roots (lace-like root structures). I love love love this project so much. -Sarmite Polakove - Bark fabrics: studiosarmite.com produced quite soft material. When you cut wood and take layer between the bark and wood, which can be cut into strips or just used as a whole (which is difficult to attain). You can use these strips for knitting and weaving. Leather-like. +**Sarmite Polakove **- Bark fabrics: studiosarmite.com produced quite soft material. When you cut wood and take layer between the bark and wood, which can be cut into strips or just used as a whole (which is difficult to attain). You can use these strips for knitting and weaving. Leather-like. -Billie van Kwatwijk - tanned cow stomach leather. www.billievankatwijk.com/ventri. Cow stomach has very beautiful textures. Goes from white to dark brown. These textures cannot be designed. +**Billie van Kwatwijk** - tanned cow stomach leather. www.billievankatwijk.com/ventri. Cow stomach has very beautiful textures. Goes from white to dark brown. These textures cannot be designed. -Austeje Platukyte - pine tree resin composites. Very smooth beautiful resins. In Japan they used to use pine tree resin to create lacquers that can be sanded done very finely. Age-old. +**Austeje Platukyte** - pine tree resin composites. Very smooth beautiful resins. In Japan they used to use pine tree resin to create lacquers that can be sanded done very finely. Age-old. -Diana Scherer - Rootsystem domestication: +**Diana Scherer** - Rootsystem domestication: <iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/80612467?color=6c6e95&title=0&byline=0" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowfullscreen></iframe> -Shellworks - Ed Jones, Insiya Jafferjee, Amir Afshar and Andrew Edwards. Carbshell extract (*chitosan*) to create waterproof plastics. Not completely biodegradable. Great patterns and colors, translucencies for different uses. They made their own machines for everything! OMG yesssssss. The recipes are quite well-known. The machines are probably not open-source. +**Shellworks - Ed Jones, Insiya Jafferjee, Amir Afshar and Andrew Edwards**. Carbshell extract (*chitosan*) to create waterproof plastics. Not completely biodegradable. Great patterns and colors, translucencies for different uses. They made their own machines for everything! OMG yesssssss. The recipes are quite well-known. The machines are probably not open-source. <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/i8WK3amL0Yo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>